Study Guide

Question 1

The primary concern with dental stain is appearance or cosmetic effect. True/False

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Stains are classified by location as what 2 categories?

Answer 2

Extrinsic and intrinsic

Question 3

Stains are further classified by source as what 2 categories?

Answer 3

Exogenous and endogenous

Question 4

Green stain is primarily composed of what?

Answer 4

Chromogenic bacteria and fungi

Question 5

Etiology of green stain (where does it come from)?

Answer 5

Oral uncleanliness, chromogenic bacteria, and gingival hemorrhage

Question 6

Tobacco stain is primarily composed of what? How is it normally distributed on the tooth surfaces?

Answer 6

Composed of tar and products of combustion. Brown pigment from smokeless tobacco
Cervical third primarily. Any surface, as well as pits and fissures most frequently on lingual surfaces

Question 7

Brown stain occurs from chemical alteration of the pellicle. Name 4 sources it can result from

Answer 7

Stannous fluoride
food stuffs
antibiofilm agents
betal leaf

Question 8

Do all pulpless teeth discolor?

Answer 8

Not all because of improved endodontics

Question 9

6 steps in a preventive program?

Answer 9

Assess patient needs
Plan for intervention
Implementation
Perform clinical preventive services
Evaluate progressive changes
Plan short and long term maintence

Question 10

“learning” in reference to patient education

Answer 10

Learning occurs when an individual changed behavior and when benefical changes are incorporated into everyday living

Question 11

What is disclosing agent?

Answer 11

A preparation in liquid, tablet, or lozenge from that contains a dye or other coloring agent. Used to identify dental biofilm deposits for instruction evaluation

Question 12

6 properties of an acceptable disclosing agent

Answer 12

Intensity of color
Duration of intensity
Taste
Non-irritating to mucous membrane
Diffusibility 
Astringent

Question 13

What is xerostomia

Answer 13

Dryness of mouth

Question 14

What are some causes of both temporary and permanent xerostomia

Answer 14

Temporary —> high fever = dehydration

Permanent —-> radiation, surgical removal of glands, sjogren syndrome, pharmacologically induced xerostomia

Question 15

What drug can be prescribed to treat xerostomia

Answer 15

Pilocarpine

Question 16

What is halitosis

Answer 16

Bad breath

Question 17

What are volatile sulfur compounds

Answer 17

Causes bad breath

Question 18

What are the systemic factors that can cause halitosis

Answer 18

Renal or hepatic failure; carcinomas; diabetes; upper respiratory infections; blocked nasal passages; sinus drainage; and cirrhosis of the liver

Question 19

What are the bacteria namely responsible for caries formation

Answer 19

Mutans streptococci and lactobacillus

Question 20

What are the 4 types of fermentable carbohydrates in the oral cavity

Answer 20

sucrose
glucose
fructose
cooked starch

Question 21

What are 4 types of acids produced by the metabolic breakdown of carbohydrates

Answer 21

acetic
lactic
formic
propionic

Question 22

What are the high rise and low risk categories in the development of dental caries

Answer 22

Social history
Medical history
Use of fluoride
Dietary habits
Clinical/oral
Bitewings
Frequency of caries recall exam
Chemotherapeutic management
sealants

Question 23

What are the functions of saliva

Answer 23

To buffer the acids and to supply minerals to replace those calcium and phosphate ions dissolved from the tooth during demineralization. A continuing source for fluoride transport to the tooth surfaces

Question 24

What are the 3 mechanisms of action of fluoride

Answer 24

Inhibits demineralization
Enhances remineralization
Inhibits bacteria in the biofilm

Question 25

What instrument should be used to check the surface of white areas of remineralization

Answer 25

Blunt probe

Question 26

What is the percentage of the reduction in caries in the US since the public water supply was flouridated in 1945?

Answer 26

40% to 60%

Question 27

Define risk factors

Answer 27

Habits, behaviors, lifestyles, or conditions that, when present, increase the probability of a disease occuring

Question 28

What is xylitol

Answer 28

Sugar free gum

Question 29

What are the contraindications for polishing

Answer 29

Patients with respiratory problems
Tooth sensitvity
restorations
newly erupted teeth

Question 30

Where does pumice come from?

Answer 30

Volcanic origin

Question 31

What are the contraindications to air-powder polishing

Answer 31

Physician-directed-sodium-restricted diet
Respiratory disease or other condition that limits swallowing or breathing
Patients with end-stage renal disease
Communicable infection that can contaminate the aerosols produced

Question 32

What are chlorhexadine and alexadine

Answer 32

Antibiofilm agent in mouth rinse

Question 33

What color is betal leaf staining? what does betal leaf inhibit in the oral cavity?

Answer 33

Dark mahogany brown, sometimes almost black

Caries inhibiting effect

Question 34

What ingredient does an air-powder polisher use besides air and water?

Answer 34

Sodium bicarbonate or aluminum trihydroxide

Question 35

What is the most acceptable way/ best instrument to use to detect coronal caries on a remineralizing tooth surface?

Answer 35

Avoid scratching or picking the surface

Use a blunt probe

Question 36

Why do we avoid polishing teeth on the same day as quadrant deep scaling and root planning

Answer 36

The disease lining of the pocket usually has been removed and the pocket wall is wide open and can receive particles that may become embedded out of reach of the most careful irrigation and rinsing