Study Guide Flashcards
The primary concern with dental stain is appearance or cosmetic effect. True/False
True
Stains are classified by location as what 2 categories?
Extrinsic and intrinsic
Stains are further classified by source as what 2 categories?
Exogenous and endogenous
Green stain is primarily composed of what?
Chromogenic bacteria and fungi
Etiology of green stain (where does it come from)?
Oral uncleanliness, chromogenic bacteria, and gingival hemorrhage
Tobacco stain is primarily composed of what? How is it normally distributed on the tooth surfaces?
Composed of tar and products of combustion. Brown pigment from smokeless tobacco
Cervical third primarily. Any surface, as well as pits and fissures most frequently on lingual surfaces
Brown stain occurs from chemical alteration of the pellicle. Name 4 sources it can result from
Stannous fluoride
food stuffs
antibiofilm agents
betal leaf
Do all pulpless teeth discolor?
Not all because of improved endodontics
6 steps in a preventive program?
Assess patient needs Plan for intervention Implementation Perform clinical preventive services Evaluate progressive changes Plan short and long term maintence
“learning” in reference to patient education
Learning occurs when an individual changed behavior and when benefical changes are incorporated into everyday living
What is disclosing agent?
A preparation in liquid, tablet, or lozenge from that contains a dye or other coloring agent. Used to identify dental biofilm deposits for instruction evaluation
6 properties of an acceptable disclosing agent
Intensity of color Duration of intensity Taste Non-irritating to mucous membrane Diffusibility Astringent
What is xerostomia
Dryness of mouth
What are some causes of both temporary and permanent xerostomia
Temporary —> high fever = dehydration
Permanent —-> radiation, surgical removal of glands, sjogren syndrome, pharmacologically induced xerostomia
What drug can be prescribed to treat xerostomia
Pilocarpine
What is halitosis
Bad breath
What are volatile sulfur compounds
Causes bad breath
What are the systemic factors that can cause halitosis
Renal or hepatic failure; carcinomas; diabetes; upper respiratory infections; blocked nasal passages; sinus drainage; and cirrhosis of the liver
What are the bacteria namely responsible for caries formation
Mutans streptococci and lactobacillus
What are the 4 types of fermentable carbohydrates in the oral cavity
sucrose
glucose
fructose
cooked starch
What are 4 types of acids produced by the metabolic breakdown of carbohydrates
acetic
lactic
formic
propionic
What are the high rise and low risk categories in the development of dental caries
Social history Medical history Use of fluoride Dietary habits Clinical/oral Bitewings Frequency of caries recall exam Chemotherapeutic management sealants
What are the functions of saliva
To buffer the acids and to supply minerals to replace those calcium and phosphate ions dissolved from the tooth during demineralization. A continuing source for fluoride transport to the tooth surfaces
What are the 3 mechanisms of action of fluoride
Inhibits demineralization
Enhances remineralization
Inhibits bacteria in the biofilm
What instrument should be used to check the surface of white areas of remineralization
Blunt probe
What is the percentage of the reduction in caries in the US since the public water supply was flouridated in 1945?
40% to 60%
Define risk factors
Habits, behaviors, lifestyles, or conditions that, when present, increase the probability of a disease occuring
What is xylitol
Sugar free gum
What are the contraindications for polishing
Patients with respiratory problems
Tooth sensitvity
restorations
newly erupted teeth
Where does pumice come from?
Volcanic origin
What are the contraindications to air-powder polishing
Physician-directed-sodium-restricted diet
Respiratory disease or other condition that limits swallowing or breathing
Patients with end-stage renal disease
Communicable infection that can contaminate the aerosols produced
What are chlorhexadine and alexadine
Antibiofilm agent in mouth rinse
What color is betal leaf staining? what does betal leaf inhibit in the oral cavity?
Dark mahogany brown, sometimes almost black
Caries inhibiting effect
What ingredient does an air-powder polisher use besides air and water?
Sodium bicarbonate or aluminum trihydroxide
What is the most acceptable way/ best instrument to use to detect coronal caries on a remineralizing tooth surface?
Avoid scratching or picking the surface
Use a blunt probe
Why do we avoid polishing teeth on the same day as quadrant deep scaling and root planning
The disease lining of the pocket usually has been removed and the pocket wall is wide open and can receive particles that may become embedded out of reach of the most careful irrigation and rinsing
