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A&P I Test 1 Albertson > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Series of cyclical events occurring within a cell mitotically active cell that culminate in a cell division (Somatic cell division). Two events divided.

A

Interphase

Mitosis

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2
Q

What are the phases of interphase?

A

Growth 1 (G1)

S phase

Growth 2 (G2)

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3
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Locations

  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Vagina

Function

  • Protection from abrasion
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4
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate

A

Anaphase I

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5
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A
  • Most common cell of connective tissue
  • Large, flat cells with branching process
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6
Q

Collagen fibers type V

A

-Muscle (assoc. w type I) - Placenta

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7
Q

Proteins will be exported from cell by exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicles

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8
Q

Macrophages: Microglia cells

A

Wondering: central nervous system

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9
Q

Types of bone (osseous tissue)

A
  • Compact bone - Spongy bone
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10
Q

More specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms

A

Disease

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11
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of solvent (water) though semipermeable membrane

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12
Q

The measure of the solutions ability to change a cells water content by induction of osmosis

A

Tonicity

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13
Q

Fluid outside the cells and where they located

A

ECF

  • Blood plasma: ECF with blood vessels
  • Lymph: ECF within lymphatic vessels
  • Cerebrospinal fluid: EFC in and around the brain and spinal cord -Synovial fluid: ECF in joints
  • Aqueous humor and vitreous body: ECF with eyes
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14
Q

Decrease in size of cells with consequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ

A

Atrophy

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15
Q

The defending colon is where?

A

Spans both left quadrants

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16
Q

Mast cell characteristics

A
  • Large, Granulated
  • Alongside blood vessels of connective tissue
  • Can be phagocytic
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17
Q

Three membranes and what are they comprised of

A

Epithelial tissue layer plus an underlying connective tissue layer comprise an epithelial membrane

  • Mucous membranes
  • Serous membranes
  • Cutaneous membrane (the skin) Synovial membranes line joints but contain CT but no epithelium
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18
Q

Collagen fibers type IV

A

Basal laminate

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19
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Chromosomes separate and migrate in opposite directions

  • Formally a chromatid now chromosome Each new chromosome is part of new cell (produced by cytokinesis)
  • Cleavage furrow (component of cytokinesis) the start of the splitting into two cells Daughter cell has same genetic info as original mother cell
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20
Q

Cell-to-cell communication

A

Nervous

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21
Q

Highly selective type of endocytosis and what materials does it move?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

  • Cholesterol in low density lipoproteins
  • Transferrin
  • Some vitamins
  • Antibodies
  • Some hormones
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22
Q

Higher concentration, more influence than cell, water moves out of cell

A

Hypertonic solution

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23
Q

The superior portion of the ascending colon is where?

A

Right Upper Quadrants

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24
Q

What happens during secondary active transport

A

The energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient

  • Established by primary but secondary indirectly uses energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP
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25
Q

Cells that are too polar to diffuse through the lipid bilayer or are too large to pass though membrane pores

A

Facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

Fluid within the body cells

A

ICF

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27
Q

Copying of specific sequence of DNA to produce corresponding sequence of RNA (mRNA) and occurs in nucleus

A

Transcription

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28
Q

Connect, support, fill spaces

A

Connective tissue

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29
Q

Collagen fibers type III

A

Reticular fibers - wound healing

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30
Q

Collagen fibers type II

A
  • Hyaline cartilage - Elastic cartilage
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31
Q

Generate forces that provide for movement

A

Muscle

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32
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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33
Q

Maintain homeostasis by setting process in place hat reverse that original stimulus and most common

A

Negative feedback system

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34
Q

Secrete to extracellular space

A

Endocrine

  • Hormones
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35
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromatin fibers condense

  • Become thicker
  • Chromosomes comprising of two chromatids Nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear Centrosome produce mitosis spindle with elongates and attaches to kinetochores Centrosome move to opposite poles lengthening microtubules
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36
Q

The spleen is where?

A

Left Upper Quadrant

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37
Q

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

A

Catabolism

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38
Q

Real concentration of osmotically active solute

A

Isotonic

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39
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar connective tissue

  • usual types of connective tissue; fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, white blood cells Adipose tissue
  • Major energy reserve, as well as protecting various organs Reticular connective tissue
  • Located in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, smooth muscle, some fat tissue, islets of langerhans
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40
Q

Assembly of new protein molecule using it amino acid building blocks as specified by the RNA (mRNA), occurs in cytoplasm, and accomplished by ribosomes, may be free or affixed to RER

A

Translation

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41
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location and function

A

Location

  • Endothelium Cavities of heart Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels
  • Bowman’s capsule; kidney
  • Thin segment of loop of Henle; kidney
  • Alveoli

Function

  • Transport
  • Diffusion
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42
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Location

  • Respiratory tract

Functions

  • Protection
  • Secretion
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43
Q

Macrophages: Alveolar macrophage aka dust cell

A

Fixed: lungs

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44
Q

Transmembrane proteins called connections form channels (Connexins) and transfers nutrients, cell signals and wastes and where is it located and used?

A

Gap junction

  • Conducting AP in heart
  • Embryonic development
  • Vascular tissue, lens and cornea of eye
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45
Q

Macrophages: langerhans cells

A

Fixed: primary skin and lymph nodes

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46
Q

Types of diffusion

A

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

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47
Q

What substances move during simple diffusion

A
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Fats - Alcohol
  • Fat-soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
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48
Q

Down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

  • Extra Chromosome is present on the 21st chromosome
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49
Q

Collagen fibers type I

A
  • CT proper
  • Bones
  • Dentin
  • Tendon
  • Joint capsules
  • Dermis
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50
Q

The gallbladder is where?

A

Right Upper Quadrant

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51
Q

What happens during G2?

A

Cell is metabolically active

  • RNA and proteins essential to cell division are synthesized -Energy needed for mitosis is stored
  • Tubule not synthesized DNA made in previous S stage is checked for errors and then corrected Centrosome replication is completed
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52
Q

Is also considered bulk transport

A

Vesicular transport

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53
Q

Function of meiosis

A

Produce gametes (meiosis does not produce gametes, but rather products which then develop into gametes)

  • egg
  • sperm
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54
Q

Types of leukocytes

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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55
Q

Form of endocytosis that cell engulfs large solid particles

A

Phagocytosis

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56
Q

Types of vesicular transport

A

Endocytosis

  • Receptor mediated endocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis Exocytosis Transcytosis
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57
Q

Increase in size of a tissue due to enlargement of cells without cell division (cells are in G0)

A

Hypertrophy

58
Q

The genetic makeup of an organism or virus, typically with regard to one or a few genes of interest

A

Genotype

59
Q

Components of the generalized feedback system

A

Receptor

Control center

Effector

60
Q

The appendix and inferior portion of the ascending colon is where?

A

Right Lower Quadrant

61
Q

Adipose cell characteristics

A
  • Large, spherical
  • Signet ring shaped
  • Filler
  • Vacuole of fat
62
Q

Macrophages: Kupffer cells

A

Fixed: liver

63
Q

Types of liquid connective tissue

A
  • Blood tissue
  • Lymph
64
Q

The pyloric is where?

A

Right Upper Quadrant

65
Q

Move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane

A

Antiporters

66
Q

Transmembrane glycoproteins called ingrains replace cadherins of desmosomes and attach to protein laminin in the basement membrane and anchors epithelial cell to basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

67
Q

What are the primary mediators of the granules?

A
  • Heparin
  • Histamines (dilates small blood vessels as part of inflammatory response, which is the body’s reaction to injury or infection)
  • Proteases
  • Aryl sulfatases

-ECF and NCF (Eosinophil chemotactic factor and Neutrophil chemotactic factor)

68
Q

What is the universal donor but can not safely receive normal O- group blood because they produce anti-H antibodies?

A

Bombay Phenotype (O negative)

69
Q

Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

70
Q

Plasma cell characteristics

A
  • Relatively small with eccentric nucleus
  • From B lymphocytes
  • Secrete antibody
  • Reside in connective tissue (GI and respiratory tracts)
  • Accumulate in infected connective tissue
71
Q

Nonpolar and lipid soluble substances move into and out of the cell through plamalemma

A

Simple diffusion

72
Q

Transmembrane proteins that fuse to outer surface of adjacent plasma membranes forms water-tight seal between adjacent epithelial cells by sealing off passageways between adjacent cells and their location

A

Tight Junctions

  • Urinary
  • Bladder
  • Stomach
  • Intestines
73
Q

Mucus membranes location and function

A

Location

  • digestive tract
  • respiratory tact
  • reproductive tracts
  • much of the urinary tract

Function

  • body’s defense mechanism
74
Q

Chromatids of a given chromosome separate from each other Resembles mitotic anaphase

A

Anaphase II

75
Q

Collagen fibers type VII

A

Attaches basal lamina to lamina reticularis

76
Q

Application of pressure to force water through membrane

A

Reverse osmosis

77
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Location

  • Lining GI tract
  • Lining uterus
  • Lining oviductFunctions
  • Protection
  • Lubrication
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
78
Q

Chromosome abnormalities?

A
  • Down syndrome
  • Turner syndrome
  • Klinefelter syndrome
  • Triple-X syndrome
79
Q

Types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
80
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Unicellular or multicellular Secrete into

  • Ducts
  • Surface
  • Blood
81
Q

The duodenum is where?

A

Right upper quadrant

82
Q

Replicated chromosomes

A

DNA replicates prior to meiosis

Each consist of two chromatids lying side-by side, connected at centromere

83
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Location

  • Urinary system

Function

  • Structure permits stretching
84
Q

What problems can happen with chromosomes?

A

Nondisjunction (not coming apart) failure to separate properly during cell division

  • Meiosis I: failed separation of homologous chromosomes - Meiosis II: failed sister chromatids to separate Results in abnormal chromosome number
  • Loss gain of single chromosome = monosomy
  • Gain of single chromosome = trisomy
85
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • Terminal phase
  • Chromosomes have moved as far apart as they are going to
  • Mitosis spindles disappear
  • Chromosomes decondense
  • Cytokinesis occurs (splitting) -Nucleus/ nuclear envelope redevelop
  • Nucleoli reappear
86
Q

Function of adipose cells

A

Synthesizes and stores lipid

87
Q

Secondary mediators of the granules?

A
  • Leukotrienes
  • Thromboxanes
  • Prostaglandins
  • Cytokines
88
Q

Multicellular EXOCRINE glands

A

Holocrine: sebaceous (oil) glands

Merocrine: most exocrine glands

Apocrine: mammary glands

89
Q

Types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular CT

  • Pull in one direction; tendons, aponeuroses (dense tissue), and most ligaments Dense irregular CT
  • Pull in various directions; dermis of skin, pericardium, heart valves, perichondrium, periosteum, sheath of nerves, kidney, lymph nodes Elastic connective tissue
  • Fibroblasts present between fibers and located in large blood vessels and lung tissue
90
Q

Positive feedback system

A
  • Strengthens or reinforces a change in condition controlled by the feedback system
  • Action continues until interrupted by some mechanism outside the system
  • Sometimes may not be actions that seem to be directly attributable to maintaining homeostasis
91
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY

-Has an extra normal X chromosomes with an extra Y chromosome

92
Q

Active process and goes through endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Transcytosis

93
Q

Have plaque and microfilaments that extend from the plaque into cytosol

A

Adherens junction

94
Q

Serous membranes location

A

Location

  • line body cavity that does not open directly to exterior

Areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

95
Q

Energy gained from hydrolysis of ATP and what happens

A

Primary active transport

  • changes the shape of transporter protein and pulls it across plasma membrane against concentration gradient
96
Q

Macrophages: Osteoclasts

A

Wondering: bone

97
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Location

  • Tubules; kidney
  • Covering ovary
  • Ducts

Function

  • Secretion
  • Transport
  • Absorption
98
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Locations

  • Skin
  • Gingiva
  • Hard palate

Function

  • Abrasion
  • Desiccation
  • UV
99
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Centrosome replication may begin

Synthesis of

  • RNA
  • Regulatory proteins for DNA replication
  • Enzymes for carrying out synthetic activity Nucleoli re-establishment (if haven’t done so in telophase)
100
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Location

  • Ducts of adult sweat glands
  • Esophageal glands
101
Q

Lower concentration than the cell, less able than cell to influence water movement, so water moves into cell

A

Hypotonic solution

102
Q

Move two substances in the same direction

A

Symporters

103
Q

Polysaccharides in ground substance

A
  • Hyaluronic acid

(Associated with protein called proteoglycans)

  • Chondroitin sulfate
  • Dermatan sulfate
  • Keratan sulfate

Collectively referred to as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

104
Q

The kidneys are where?

A

Upper right and left quadrants

105
Q

The transverse colon is where?

A

Spans both upper quadrants

106
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up independently along metaphase plane

Has two pairs of homologous chromosomes, one longer and one shorter

One set came from one parent and one set came from the other

107
Q

The jejunum and the ileum is where?

A

All four Quadrants

108
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers and varying number of adipocytes

109
Q

What is the difference between geno vs pheno

A

Genotype Phenotype

IO IO Type O

IA IA or IA IO Type A

IB IB or IB IO Type B

IA IB Type AB

110
Q

What is the difference between a chromosome and chromatin?

A

DNA exists in chromatin form in nucleus Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

Types of chromatin

  • Heterochromatin: inactive, condensed
  • Euchromatin: active, invisible under light microscopy
111
Q

What substances move during facilitated diffusion

A
  • Glucose (too large)
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
  • Some vitamins
112
Q

The applies pressure used to offset the new movement of water (back to original)

A

Osmotic pressure

113
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

XO

  • Only one X chromosome is present
114
Q

What pump does active transport use?

A

Sodium- potassium pump

  • maintain concentration gradient of high K+ and low NA+ inside the cell
115
Q

What happens in the ABO blood group system?

A

Different alleles convert ( or do not convert) the H antigen into its respective ABO antigen

  • IA coverts H antigen into antigen A
  • IB converts H antigen into B
  • IO does not convert H antigen, it remains H antigen
116
Q

Mature connective tissue contains what?

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone tissue
  • Liquid connective tissue
117
Q

The observable properties or traits of a cell or organism, these result from the interaction of the genotype and the environment

A

Phenotype

118
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Migrate throughout connective tissue to secrete and maintain matrix

-Matrix = fibers (colleges, reticular fibers, elastic fibers) and ground substances (GAGs-gycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins)

119
Q

Any abnormality of structure or function

A

Disorder

120
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

DNA replication

Protein synthesis

Materials synthesized for later use during mitosis

121
Q

Chromatids of homologous chromosomes form chiasmata wherein matching regions break and then reconnect to other chromosome

A

Prophase I

122
Q

Chromosomes complete migration

A

Telophase II

123
Q

Intracellular vesicles moved to plasma membrane and where is it important

A

Exocytosis Well

  • developed and important in
  • Secretory cells that produce substances such as digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus
  • Nerve cells, release neurotransmitters
124
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Activities of chromosomes

Events of cytokinesis may be indicators of mitotic stages, but not definitive for mitosis

125
Q

The carrier of genetic information

A

Chromosome

126
Q

The stomach is where?

A

Left Upper Quadrant

127
Q

The pancreas is where?

A

Head is in right upper quadrant, body and tail in the left upper quadrant

128
Q

What does osmosis require?

A

Semi permeable membrane

One osmotically active solute i.e. One that is higher concentration on one side and cant pass through the membrane

129
Q

Have plaque and cadherins with intermediate filaments instead of microfilaments

A

Desmosomes

130
Q

Bulk- have endocytosis, means cell drinking “sip” and what does it engulf

A

Pinocytosis

  • most body cells engage in this

Engulfs

  • proteins
  • lipids

Even less selective then phagocytosis

131
Q

The liver is where?

A

Both upper quadrants

132
Q

Embryonic connective tissue contains what?

A

Mesenchyme

-Located along developing bones of embryo and under skin

Mucous connective tissue

-Found in umbilical cord of fetus

133
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

Synthesis of DNA (cell metabolically active)

DNA is doubled

Connected only by a centromere, two chromatids are lying side by side

Centrosome replication

134
Q

What are considered G0 (non-dividing cell)

A

Nerves cells and most muscle cells

Cells of hypertrophic tissues

135
Q

Movement requires expenditure of energy by the cell and two types

A

Active Transport

  • Primary Active Transport
  • Secondary Active Transport
136
Q

The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

A

Anabolism

137
Q

What happens when both cells are produced at the end of mitosis?

A

One of the two products differentiates and one remains behind to participate in the next cell cycle (reservoir for future mitosis)

138
Q

Characteristics of leukocytes

A
  • AKA white blood cells
  • Not found in substantial numbers in normal connective tissue
139
Q

Secrete to surface lumen

A

Exocrine

  • sweat, oil, mucus, enzymes
140
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Location

  • Part of urethra
  • Esophageal glands
  • Part of conjunctiva of the eye
141
Q

Macrophages: Monocytes

A

Wondering: blood

A&P I Test 1 Albertson (1 decks)

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