Study Guide Flashcards
Series of cyclical events occurring within a cell mitotically active cell that culminate in a cell division (Somatic cell division). Two events divided.
Interphase
Mitosis
What are the phases of interphase?
Growth 1 (G1)
S phase
Growth 2 (G2)
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Locations
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Vagina
Function
- Protection from abrasion
Homologous chromosomes separate
Anaphase I
What are fibroblasts?
- Most common cell of connective tissue
- Large, flat cells with branching process
Collagen fibers type V
-Muscle (assoc. w type I) - Placenta
Proteins will be exported from cell by exocytosis
Secretory vesicles
Macrophages: Microglia cells
Wondering: central nervous system
Types of bone (osseous tissue)
- Compact bone - Spongy bone
More specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms
Disease
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of solvent (water) though semipermeable membrane
The measure of the solutions ability to change a cells water content by induction of osmosis
Tonicity
Fluid outside the cells and where they located
ECF
- Blood plasma: ECF with blood vessels
- Lymph: ECF within lymphatic vessels
- Cerebrospinal fluid: EFC in and around the brain and spinal cord -Synovial fluid: ECF in joints
- Aqueous humor and vitreous body: ECF with eyes
Decrease in size of cells with consequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ
Atrophy
The defending colon is where?
Spans both left quadrants
Mast cell characteristics
- Large, Granulated
- Alongside blood vessels of connective tissue
- Can be phagocytic
Three membranes and what are they comprised of
Epithelial tissue layer plus an underlying connective tissue layer comprise an epithelial membrane
- Mucous membranes
- Serous membranes
- Cutaneous membrane (the skin) Synovial membranes line joints but contain CT but no epithelium
Collagen fibers type IV
Basal laminate
What happens during anaphase?
Chromosomes separate and migrate in opposite directions
- Formally a chromatid now chromosome Each new chromosome is part of new cell (produced by cytokinesis)
- Cleavage furrow (component of cytokinesis) the start of the splitting into two cells Daughter cell has same genetic info as original mother cell
Cell-to-cell communication
Nervous
Highly selective type of endocytosis and what materials does it move?
Receptor mediated endocytosis
- Cholesterol in low density lipoproteins
- Transferrin
- Some vitamins
- Antibodies
- Some hormones
Higher concentration, more influence than cell, water moves out of cell
Hypertonic solution
The superior portion of the ascending colon is where?
Right Upper Quadrants
What happens during secondary active transport
The energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient
- Established by primary but secondary indirectly uses energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP
Cells that are too polar to diffuse through the lipid bilayer or are too large to pass though membrane pores
Facilitated diffusion
Fluid within the body cells
ICF
Copying of specific sequence of DNA to produce corresponding sequence of RNA (mRNA) and occurs in nucleus
Transcription
Connect, support, fill spaces
Connective tissue
Collagen fibers type III
Reticular fibers - wound healing
Collagen fibers type II
- Hyaline cartilage - Elastic cartilage
Generate forces that provide for movement
Muscle
What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Maintain homeostasis by setting process in place hat reverse that original stimulus and most common
Negative feedback system
Secrete to extracellular space
Endocrine
- Hormones
What happens during prophase?
Chromatin fibers condense
- Become thicker
- Chromosomes comprising of two chromatids Nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear Centrosome produce mitosis spindle with elongates and attaches to kinetochores Centrosome move to opposite poles lengthening microtubules
The spleen is where?
Left Upper Quadrant
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Catabolism
Real concentration of osmotically active solute
Isotonic
Types of loose connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue
- usual types of connective tissue; fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, white blood cells Adipose tissue
- Major energy reserve, as well as protecting various organs Reticular connective tissue
- Located in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, smooth muscle, some fat tissue, islets of langerhans
Assembly of new protein molecule using it amino acid building blocks as specified by the RNA (mRNA), occurs in cytoplasm, and accomplished by ribosomes, may be free or affixed to RER
Translation
Simple squamous epithelium location and function
Location
- Endothelium Cavities of heart Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels
- Bowman’s capsule; kidney
- Thin segment of loop of Henle; kidney
- Alveoli
Function
- Transport
- Diffusion
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Location
- Respiratory tract
Functions
- Protection
- Secretion
Macrophages: Alveolar macrophage aka dust cell
Fixed: lungs
Transmembrane proteins called connections form channels (Connexins) and transfers nutrients, cell signals and wastes and where is it located and used?
Gap junction
- Conducting AP in heart
- Embryonic development
- Vascular tissue, lens and cornea of eye
Macrophages: langerhans cells
Fixed: primary skin and lymph nodes
Types of diffusion
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
What substances move during simple diffusion
- Oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
- Fats - Alcohol
- Fat-soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
Down syndrome
Trisomy 21
- Extra Chromosome is present on the 21st chromosome
Collagen fibers type I
- CT proper
- Bones
- Dentin
- Tendon
- Joint capsules
- Dermis
The gallbladder is where?
Right Upper Quadrant
What happens during G2?
Cell is metabolically active
- RNA and proteins essential to cell division are synthesized -Energy needed for mitosis is stored
- Tubule not synthesized DNA made in previous S stage is checked for errors and then corrected Centrosome replication is completed
Is also considered bulk transport
Vesicular transport
Function of meiosis
Produce gametes (meiosis does not produce gametes, but rather products which then develop into gametes)
- egg
- sperm
Types of leukocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Form of endocytosis that cell engulfs large solid particles
Phagocytosis
Types of vesicular transport
Endocytosis
- Receptor mediated endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis Exocytosis Transcytosis
Increase in size of a tissue due to enlargement of cells without cell division (cells are in G0)
Hypertrophy
The genetic makeup of an organism or virus, typically with regard to one or a few genes of interest
Genotype
Components of the generalized feedback system
Receptor
Control center
Effector
The appendix and inferior portion of the ascending colon is where?
Right Lower Quadrant
Adipose cell characteristics
- Large, spherical
- Signet ring shaped
- Filler
- Vacuole of fat
Macrophages: Kupffer cells
Fixed: liver
Types of liquid connective tissue
- Blood tissue
- Lymph
The pyloric is where?
Right Upper Quadrant
Move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane
Antiporters
Transmembrane glycoproteins called ingrains replace cadherins of desmosomes and attach to protein laminin in the basement membrane and anchors epithelial cell to basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes
What are the primary mediators of the granules?
- Heparin
- Histamines (dilates small blood vessels as part of inflammatory response, which is the body’s reaction to injury or infection)
- Proteases
- Aryl sulfatases
-ECF and NCF (Eosinophil chemotactic factor and Neutrophil chemotactic factor)
What is the universal donor but can not safely receive normal O- group blood because they produce anti-H antibodies?
Bombay Phenotype (O negative)
Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Metabolism
Plasma cell characteristics
- Relatively small with eccentric nucleus
- From B lymphocytes
- Secrete antibody
- Reside in connective tissue (GI and respiratory tracts)
- Accumulate in infected connective tissue
Nonpolar and lipid soluble substances move into and out of the cell through plamalemma
Simple diffusion
Transmembrane proteins that fuse to outer surface of adjacent plasma membranes forms water-tight seal between adjacent epithelial cells by sealing off passageways between adjacent cells and their location
Tight Junctions
- Urinary
- Bladder
- Stomach
- Intestines
Mucus membranes location and function
Location
- digestive tract
- respiratory tact
- reproductive tracts
- much of the urinary tract
Function
- body’s defense mechanism
Chromatids of a given chromosome separate from each other Resembles mitotic anaphase
Anaphase II
Collagen fibers type VII
Attaches basal lamina to lamina reticularis
Application of pressure to force water through membrane
Reverse osmosis
Simple columnar epithelium
Location
- Lining GI tract
- Lining uterus
- Lining oviductFunctions
- Protection
- Lubrication
- Absorption
- Secretion
Chromosome abnormalities?
- Down syndrome
- Turner syndrome
- Klinefelter syndrome
- Triple-X syndrome
Types of cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic cartilage
Glandular epithelium
Unicellular or multicellular Secrete into
- Ducts
- Surface
- Blood
The duodenum is where?
Right upper quadrant
Replicated chromosomes
DNA replicates prior to meiosis
Each consist of two chromatids lying side-by side, connected at centromere
Transitional epithelium
Location
- Urinary system
Function
- Structure permits stretching
What problems can happen with chromosomes?
Nondisjunction (not coming apart) failure to separate properly during cell division
- Meiosis I: failed separation of homologous chromosomes - Meiosis II: failed sister chromatids to separate Results in abnormal chromosome number
- Loss gain of single chromosome = monosomy
- Gain of single chromosome = trisomy
What happens during telophase?
- Terminal phase
- Chromosomes have moved as far apart as they are going to
- Mitosis spindles disappear
- Chromosomes decondense
- Cytokinesis occurs (splitting) -Nucleus/ nuclear envelope redevelop
- Nucleoli reappear
Function of adipose cells
Synthesizes and stores lipid
Secondary mediators of the granules?
- Leukotrienes
- Thromboxanes
- Prostaglandins
- Cytokines
Multicellular EXOCRINE glands
Holocrine: sebaceous (oil) glands
Merocrine: most exocrine glands
Apocrine: mammary glands
Types of dense connective tissue
Dense regular CT
- Pull in one direction; tendons, aponeuroses (dense tissue), and most ligaments Dense irregular CT
- Pull in various directions; dermis of skin, pericardium, heart valves, perichondrium, periosteum, sheath of nerves, kidney, lymph nodes Elastic connective tissue
- Fibroblasts present between fibers and located in large blood vessels and lung tissue
Positive feedback system
- Strengthens or reinforces a change in condition controlled by the feedback system
- Action continues until interrupted by some mechanism outside the system
- Sometimes may not be actions that seem to be directly attributable to maintaining homeostasis
Klinefelter Syndrome
XXY
-Has an extra normal X chromosomes with an extra Y chromosome
Active process and goes through endocytosis and exocytosis
Transcytosis
Have plaque and microfilaments that extend from the plaque into cytosol
Adherens junction
Serous membranes location
Location
- line body cavity that does not open directly to exterior
Areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
Energy gained from hydrolysis of ATP and what happens
Primary active transport
- changes the shape of transporter protein and pulls it across plasma membrane against concentration gradient
Macrophages: Osteoclasts
Wondering: bone
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Location
- Tubules; kidney
- Covering ovary
- Ducts
Function
- Secretion
- Transport
- Absorption
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Locations
- Skin
- Gingiva
- Hard palate
Function
- Abrasion
- Desiccation
- UV
What happens during G1?
Centrosome replication may begin
Synthesis of
- RNA
- Regulatory proteins for DNA replication
- Enzymes for carrying out synthetic activity Nucleoli re-establishment (if haven’t done so in telophase)
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Location
- Ducts of adult sweat glands
- Esophageal glands
Lower concentration than the cell, less able than cell to influence water movement, so water moves into cell
Hypotonic solution
Move two substances in the same direction
Symporters
Polysaccharides in ground substance
- Hyaluronic acid
(Associated with protein called proteoglycans)
- Chondroitin sulfate
- Dermatan sulfate
- Keratan sulfate
Collectively referred to as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
The kidneys are where?
Upper right and left quadrants
The transverse colon is where?
Spans both upper quadrants
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes line up independently along metaphase plane
Has two pairs of homologous chromosomes, one longer and one shorter
One set came from one parent and one set came from the other
The jejunum and the ileum is where?
All four Quadrants
Synovial membranes
Areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers and varying number of adipocytes
What is the difference between geno vs pheno
Genotype Phenotype
IO IO Type O
IA IA or IA IO Type A
IB IB or IB IO Type B
IA IB Type AB
What is the difference between a chromosome and chromatin?
DNA exists in chromatin form in nucleus Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division
Types of chromatin
- Heterochromatin: inactive, condensed
- Euchromatin: active, invisible under light microscopy
What substances move during facilitated diffusion
- Glucose (too large)
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Some vitamins
The applies pressure used to offset the new movement of water (back to original)
Osmotic pressure
Turner Syndrome
XO
- Only one X chromosome is present
What pump does active transport use?
Sodium- potassium pump
- maintain concentration gradient of high K+ and low NA+ inside the cell
What happens in the ABO blood group system?
Different alleles convert ( or do not convert) the H antigen into its respective ABO antigen
- IA coverts H antigen into antigen A
- IB converts H antigen into B
- IO does not convert H antigen, it remains H antigen
Mature connective tissue contains what?
- Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone tissue
- Liquid connective tissue
The observable properties or traits of a cell or organism, these result from the interaction of the genotype and the environment
Phenotype
What do fibroblasts do?
Migrate throughout connective tissue to secrete and maintain matrix
-Matrix = fibers (colleges, reticular fibers, elastic fibers) and ground substances (GAGs-gycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins)
Any abnormality of structure or function
Disorder
What happens during interphase?
DNA replication
Protein synthesis
Materials synthesized for later use during mitosis
Chromatids of homologous chromosomes form chiasmata wherein matching regions break and then reconnect to other chromosome
Prophase I
Chromosomes complete migration
Telophase II
Intracellular vesicles moved to plasma membrane and where is it important
Exocytosis Well
- developed and important in
- Secretory cells that produce substances such as digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus
- Nerve cells, release neurotransmitters
What happens during mitosis?
Activities of chromosomes
Events of cytokinesis may be indicators of mitotic stages, but not definitive for mitosis
The carrier of genetic information
Chromosome
The stomach is where?
Left Upper Quadrant
The pancreas is where?
Head is in right upper quadrant, body and tail in the left upper quadrant
What does osmosis require?
Semi permeable membrane
One osmotically active solute i.e. One that is higher concentration on one side and cant pass through the membrane
Have plaque and cadherins with intermediate filaments instead of microfilaments
Desmosomes
Bulk- have endocytosis, means cell drinking “sip” and what does it engulf
Pinocytosis
- most body cells engage in this
Engulfs
- proteins
- lipids
Even less selective then phagocytosis
The liver is where?
Both upper quadrants
Embryonic connective tissue contains what?
Mesenchyme
-Located along developing bones of embryo and under skin
Mucous connective tissue
-Found in umbilical cord of fetus
What happens during S phase?
Synthesis of DNA (cell metabolically active)
DNA is doubled
Connected only by a centromere, two chromatids are lying side by side
Centrosome replication
What are considered G0 (non-dividing cell)
Nerves cells and most muscle cells
Cells of hypertrophic tissues
Movement requires expenditure of energy by the cell and two types
Active Transport
- Primary Active Transport
- Secondary Active Transport
The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Anabolism
What happens when both cells are produced at the end of mitosis?
One of the two products differentiates and one remains behind to participate in the next cell cycle (reservoir for future mitosis)
Characteristics of leukocytes
- AKA white blood cells
- Not found in substantial numbers in normal connective tissue
Secrete to surface lumen
Exocrine
- sweat, oil, mucus, enzymes
Stratified columnar epithelium
Location
- Part of urethra
- Esophageal glands
- Part of conjunctiva of the eye
Macrophages: Monocytes
Wondering: blood
