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Final Microbiology Exam > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

any substance that must be provided to an organism

A

essential nutrient

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2
Q

a heterotroph is..

A

dependent on other life forms

Must obtain its carbon in organic form

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3
Q

the movement of water molecules from a higher density or concentration to a lower density or concentration

A

osmosis

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4
Q

always present regardless of changes in concentration

A

constitutive enzymes

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5
Q

concentration of external environment lower than internal environment

A

hypotonic

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6
Q

a feature of active transport

A

requires energy

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7
Q

an obligate aerobe requires..

A

oxygen

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8
Q

an interrelationship between two free living organisms that benefits both but isn’t necessary for survival

A

synergism

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9
Q

synthesis of cell molecules and structures

A

anabolism

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10
Q

break the bonds of larger molecules to release energy

A

catabolism

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11
Q

are enzymes used up during the reaction with the substrate ?

A

no

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12
Q

is a substrate used up by the enzyme ?

A

yes

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13
Q

which is not an enzyme?

A

lignin

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14
Q

are endoenzymes transported extracellularly and break down harmful chemicals ?

A

no

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15
Q

are virulence factors endoenzymes produced by pathogens ?

A

no

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16
Q

which is present in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration ?

A

Krebs cycle
Electron transport system
Glycolysis

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17
Q

in catabolism most of the energy is produced in the

A

electron transport system

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18
Q

how many atp does a cell end up with during aerobic respiration ?

A

36-38

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19
Q

how many atp does a cell end up with in anaerobic respiration ?

A

2-36

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20
Q

how many atp are produced during fermentation ?

A

2

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21
Q

in fermentation…

A

only glycolysis occurs

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22
Q

oxygen is used in aerobic respiration during

A

electron transport system

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23
Q

cell will catabolize energy sources in what order of preference ?

A

carbohydrate
fat
protein

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24
Q

in eukaryotic cells, the genetic info is packaged into..

A

chromosomes

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25
Q

the sum of all types of genes constituting an organisms distinctive genetic makeup

A

genotype

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26
Q

the expression of the genetic information that creates certain structures or functions

A

phenotype

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27
Q

thymine always pairs with ..

A

adenine

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28
Q

cytosine always pairs with..

A

guanine

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29
Q

what is not found in dna ?

A

uracil

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30
Q

which is part of semi conservative replication of dna?

A

each daughter identical to parent
template strand is original parent
neither daughter
one new strand and one of parent strand

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31
Q

when DNA is used to synthesize RNA

A

transcription

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32
Q

when rna is used to produce proteins

A

translation

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33
Q

a series of triplet bases that hold message of the mRNA

A

codon

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34
Q

rna contains.. instead of thymine

A

uracil

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35
Q

destroys most microbial life and reduces contamination

A

disinfections

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36
Q

mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate surface to an inanimate surface

A

decontamination

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37
Q

prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and prevents infection

A

asepsis

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38
Q

denaturing refers to disruption of secondary and tertiary structure of what ?

A

proteins

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39
Q

is an autoclave like a large pressure cooker ?

A

yes

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40
Q

not a true statement concerning cold sterilization

A

using extreme cold to sterilize

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41
Q

can high level germicides kill endospores and be used as a sterilant?

A

yes

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42
Q

what is the main reason the widespread of triclosan is so bad ?

A

made germs resistant to antibiotics

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43
Q

must be known before starting antimicrobial therapy..

A

what causes infection
sensitivity to drugs
medical condition of patient

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44
Q

patient with bact. Infection, have a choice of four different antibiotics with different indexes, what index would you give ?

A

T1=77

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45
Q

medical reasons for considering patient history when choosing antibiotic..

A

preexisting conditions
allergy history
infant, elderly, pregnant
liver and kidney disease

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46
Q

which are components of viruses ?

A

capsid
spikes
envelope
nucleic acid

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47
Q

the genetic information in a virus is…

A

dna or rna

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48
Q

steps of viral replication

A 
absorption
penetration 
uncoating
synthesis
assembly
release from host cell
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49
Q

most well known prone diseases in a particular spongiform

A

mad cow disease

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50
Q

the most effective way medical community deals with a viral disease

A

vaccines

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51
Q

what type of cells can viruses infect?

A 
bacteria
protozoa
fungi
plants
animals
all cells
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52
Q

Pasteur developed a vaccine for what

A

rabies

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53
Q

a virus is capable of doing this on its own..

A

nothing

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54
Q

viruses are referred to as being..

A

active and inactive

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55
Q

has the presence of helminths been linked to the increase of allergy and autoimmune diseases ?

A

no

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56
Q

parasitology is the study of ..

A

helminths

parasitic Protozoa

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57
Q

is a Protozoan cyst the resting dormant stage of becoming unfavorable

A

no

58
Q

do protozoans have tissues that form mouths?

A

no

59
Q

a fungus that gains its nutrients as a saprobe would most likely be found on ..

A

bark of a living tree

60
Q

microscopic fungi consists of..

A

mold

yeast

61
Q

are fungal spores different from endospores

A

No

62
Q

which are not part of natures assembly line ?

A

ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
golgi apparatus

63
Q

the cell wall of algae is made of..

A

cellulose

64
Q

are eukaryotic flagella the same as bacterial flagella ?

A

no

65
Q

bacteria and archaea cells are similar in that they both have..

A

nuclear material in cytoplasm
no organelles
evolved from common ancestor

66
Q

scientific names of the three most common shapes of bacteria

A

coccus
spirillium
bascilli

67
Q

common names of the three most common shapes of bacteria

A

spheres
rods
spirals

68
Q

bacteria arranged in long chains are said to have a

A

strep arrangement

69
Q

spider looking cartoon flagella wiggly legs are in what arrangement ?

A

peritrichous

70
Q

bacterial sex is carried out when this structure joins two bacteria together..

A

pilus

71
Q

gram negative bacteria have..

A

outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide

thin cell wall

inner membrane

72
Q

if mr. mike had to choose between a gram positive and a gram negative septicemia he would pick which one ?

A

gram positive

73
Q

bacterial endospores can resist

A 
heating
freezing 
drying 
radiation
chemicals
74
Q

while archaea are the most primitive of all living things they are able to gore in most extreme conditions . True or False

A

true

75
Q

O2 is an example of a

A

molecule

76
Q

salt dissolved in water .. the salt is the

A

solute

77
Q

salt dissolved in water, the water is the

A

solvent

78
Q

salt dissolved in water, both together is the

A

solution

79
Q

something that is hydrophobic …

A

dislikes water

80
Q

a ph above what is basic

A

7

81
Q

the macromolecules we concern ourselves with in microbiology are..

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

82
Q

membrane lipids that make up cell membranes have a

A

polar head

nopolar tail

83
Q

the structure of a protein that refers to the complex folding of proteins

A

tertiary

84
Q

Enzymes are carbohydrates that catalyze particular reaction. True or false

A

False

85
Q

the energy molecule of a cell is

A

ATP

86
Q

cholesterol is a part of

A

cell membranes

87
Q

which are living microorganisms?

A

bacteria

algae

fungi

protozoa

88
Q

bacteria are found

A

everywhere

89
Q

as soon as humans learned of microorganisms we started using them for things like making bread cheese and wine. True or Flase

A

false

used them before we knew they existed

90
Q

decomposition of dead organic matter is accomplished by

A

bacteria

fungi

91
Q

our bodies fight helminths infections similar to the way they fight bacterial infection.
true or false

A

True

92
Q

he was the first to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals

A

Lister

93
Q

a virus can infect another virus. True or False

A

False

only living things

94
Q

which are correct ways of typing a bacterias specific name

A

staphphylococcus arueas

S. Aureus

95
Q

A theory is a scientific fact. true or false

A

false

96
Q

which might have pathogens as part of these members

A

bacteria

protozoa

helminths

fungi

viruses

97
Q

regulator B cells role is to

A

brake pedal

keep immune reaction from going out of control

98
Q

Is the elimination of small pox a example of hers immunity

A

Yes

99
Q

cytotoxic T cells search out and kill

A

cancer cells and cells infected with viruses

100
Q

dendritic cells role is to

A

present antigen to other cells

101
Q

superantigens can cause extreme immune reaction true or false

A

True

102
Q

B cells are made in bone marrow and fully mature there

True or False

A

True

103
Q

Found on cytotoxic T cells

A

Cd4

104
Q

cells transform into plasma cells

T cell or B cell

A

B cell

105
Q

Responsible for cellular immune response

T cell or B cell

A

T cell

106
Q

Have helper cells and cytotoxic cells

T cell or B cell

A

T cells

107
Q

Produce antibodies

T cell or B cell

A

B cells

108
Q

Covered with receptors

T cell or B cell

A

T cell

109
Q

covered with immunoglobulin after activation

T cell or B cell

A

B cells

110
Q

Antigens…

A

proteins or polysaccharides

stimulate b and T cells

can be from our own cells

111
Q

Fever is always bad

True or False

A

False

112
Q

Calor

A

Heat

113
Q

Dolar

A

Pain

114
Q

Rubor

A

Red

115
Q

B cells and T cells are involved in

A

specific immunity

116
Q

which does not pertain to the idea of selective toxicity ?

A

effectiveness against the pathogenic organism is the only concern

117
Q

which mechanism of action would have least chance of harm a patients cells

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

118
Q

was the main treatment for malaria for the most of history

A

quanine

119
Q

the main modes of action of antiviral drugs include

A

barring penetration

blocking transcription and translation

preventing maturation of viral particles

120
Q

first completely manmade synthetic antibiotic was

A

sulfa drugs

121
Q

which is not a granulocyte

A

macrophages

122
Q

where do T cell mature

A

Thymus

123
Q

lymph nodes are not found in

A

Forearms

124
Q

which does not apply to lymphatic fluid ?

A

transports red blood cells

125
Q

lymphatic fluid flows towards

A

The heart

126
Q

white blood cells are main cells of the immune system

True or False

A

True

127
Q

salt in sweat is important to fighting infection

True or False

A

True

128
Q

skin a good barrier

A

True

129
Q

third line of defense includes

A

general in action

long term immunity

immune system

130
Q

the first line of defense is enough to protect from infection
True or False

A

False

131
Q

the first line of defense includes

A

barrier that blocks infection

general in action

132
Q

objective evidence of disease noted by an observer

A

Sign

133
Q

subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient

A

symptom

134
Q

shelters a pathogen and spreads without knowing

A

Carrier

135
Q

exotoxins are secreted from the cell and cause symptoms of bacterial infection
True or False

A

True

136
Q

endotoxins are part of the bacteria cell membrane

A

True

137
Q

Capable of causing disease in unhealthy people

A

Opportunistic pathogen

138
Q

exogenous portal of entry

A

Outside the body

139
Q

pathogen is a microbe that has a parasitic relationships with the host
True or false

A

True

140
Q

A fetus or newborn is colonized with normal flora in..

A

uterus

bottle feeding

breast feeding

c section

birth from the flora of mother

141
Q

benefit of normal flora is preventing overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
True or false

A

True

142
Q

An organisms normal flora include

A

fungi

viruses

protozoa

bacteria

Final Microbiology Exam (1 decks)

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