Study Guide Flashcards
any substance that must be provided to an organism
essential nutrient
a heterotroph is..
dependent on other life forms
Must obtain its carbon in organic form
the movement of water molecules from a higher density or concentration to a lower density or concentration
osmosis
always present regardless of changes in concentration
constitutive enzymes
concentration of external environment lower than internal environment
hypotonic
a feature of active transport
requires energy
an obligate aerobe requires..
oxygen
an interrelationship between two free living organisms that benefits both but isn’t necessary for survival
synergism
synthesis of cell molecules and structures
anabolism
break the bonds of larger molecules to release energy
catabolism
are enzymes used up during the reaction with the substrate ?
no
is a substrate used up by the enzyme ?
yes
which is not an enzyme?
lignin
are endoenzymes transported extracellularly and break down harmful chemicals ?
no
are virulence factors endoenzymes produced by pathogens ?
no
which is present in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration ?
Krebs cycle
Electron transport system
Glycolysis
in catabolism most of the energy is produced in the
electron transport system
how many atp does a cell end up with during aerobic respiration ?
36-38
how many atp does a cell end up with in anaerobic respiration ?
2-36
how many atp are produced during fermentation ?
2
in fermentation…
only glycolysis occurs
oxygen is used in aerobic respiration during
electron transport system
cell will catabolize energy sources in what order of preference ?
carbohydrate
fat
protein
in eukaryotic cells, the genetic info is packaged into..
chromosomes
the sum of all types of genes constituting an organisms distinctive genetic makeup
genotype
the expression of the genetic information that creates certain structures or functions
phenotype
thymine always pairs with ..
adenine
cytosine always pairs with..
guanine
what is not found in dna ?
uracil
which is part of semi conservative replication of dna?
each daughter identical to parent
template strand is original parent
neither daughter
one new strand and one of parent strand
when DNA is used to synthesize RNA
transcription
when rna is used to produce proteins
translation
a series of triplet bases that hold message of the mRNA
codon
rna contains.. instead of thymine
uracil
destroys most microbial life and reduces contamination
disinfections
mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate surface to an inanimate surface
decontamination
prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and prevents infection
asepsis
denaturing refers to disruption of secondary and tertiary structure of what ?
proteins
is an autoclave like a large pressure cooker ?
yes
not a true statement concerning cold sterilization
using extreme cold to sterilize
can high level germicides kill endospores and be used as a sterilant?
yes
what is the main reason the widespread of triclosan is so bad ?
made germs resistant to antibiotics
must be known before starting antimicrobial therapy..
what causes infection
sensitivity to drugs
medical condition of patient
patient with bact. Infection, have a choice of four different antibiotics with different indexes, what index would you give ?
T1=77
medical reasons for considering patient history when choosing antibiotic..
preexisting conditions
allergy history
infant, elderly, pregnant
liver and kidney disease
which are components of viruses ?
capsid
spikes
envelope
nucleic acid
the genetic information in a virus is…
dna or rna
steps of viral replication
absorption penetration uncoating synthesis assembly release from host cell
most well known prone diseases in a particular spongiform
mad cow disease
the most effective way medical community deals with a viral disease
vaccines
what type of cells can viruses infect?
bacteria protozoa fungi plants animals all cells
Pasteur developed a vaccine for what
rabies
a virus is capable of doing this on its own..
nothing
viruses are referred to as being..
active and inactive
has the presence of helminths been linked to the increase of allergy and autoimmune diseases ?
no
parasitology is the study of ..
helminths
parasitic Protozoa
is a Protozoan cyst the resting dormant stage of becoming unfavorable
no
do protozoans have tissues that form mouths?
no
a fungus that gains its nutrients as a saprobe would most likely be found on ..
bark of a living tree
microscopic fungi consists of..
mold
yeast
are fungal spores different from endospores
No
which are not part of natures assembly line ?
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
golgi apparatus
the cell wall of algae is made of..
cellulose
are eukaryotic flagella the same as bacterial flagella ?
no
bacteria and archaea cells are similar in that they both have..
nuclear material in cytoplasm
no organelles
evolved from common ancestor
scientific names of the three most common shapes of bacteria
coccus
spirillium
bascilli
common names of the three most common shapes of bacteria
spheres
rods
spirals
bacteria arranged in long chains are said to have a
strep arrangement
spider looking cartoon flagella wiggly legs are in what arrangement ?
peritrichous
bacterial sex is carried out when this structure joins two bacteria together..
pilus
gram negative bacteria have..
outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide
thin cell wall
inner membrane
if mr. mike had to choose between a gram positive and a gram negative septicemia he would pick which one ?
gram positive
bacterial endospores can resist
heating freezing drying radiation chemicals
while archaea are the most primitive of all living things they are able to gore in most extreme conditions . True or False
true
O2 is an example of a
molecule
salt dissolved in water .. the salt is the
solute
salt dissolved in water, the water is the
solvent
salt dissolved in water, both together is the
solution
something that is hydrophobic …
dislikes water
a ph above what is basic
7
the macromolecules we concern ourselves with in microbiology are..
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
membrane lipids that make up cell membranes have a
polar head
nopolar tail
the structure of a protein that refers to the complex folding of proteins
tertiary
Enzymes are carbohydrates that catalyze particular reaction. True or false
False
the energy molecule of a cell is
ATP
cholesterol is a part of
cell membranes
which are living microorganisms?
bacteria
algae
fungi
protozoa
bacteria are found
everywhere
as soon as humans learned of microorganisms we started using them for things like making bread cheese and wine. True or Flase
false
used them before we knew they existed
decomposition of dead organic matter is accomplished by
bacteria
fungi
our bodies fight helminths infections similar to the way they fight bacterial infection.
true or false
True
he was the first to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals
Lister
a virus can infect another virus. True or False
False
only living things
which are correct ways of typing a bacterias specific name
staphphylococcus arueas
S. Aureus
A theory is a scientific fact. true or false
false
which might have pathogens as part of these members
bacteria
protozoa
helminths
fungi
viruses
regulator B cells role is to
brake pedal
keep immune reaction from going out of control
Is the elimination of small pox a example of hers immunity
Yes
cytotoxic T cells search out and kill
cancer cells and cells infected with viruses
dendritic cells role is to
present antigen to other cells
superantigens can cause extreme immune reaction true or false
True
B cells are made in bone marrow and fully mature there
True or False
True
Found on cytotoxic T cells
Cd4
cells transform into plasma cells
T cell or B cell
B cell
Responsible for cellular immune response
T cell or B cell
T cell
Have helper cells and cytotoxic cells
T cell or B cell
T cells
Produce antibodies
T cell or B cell
B cells
Covered with receptors
T cell or B cell
T cell
covered with immunoglobulin after activation
T cell or B cell
B cells
Antigens…
proteins or polysaccharides
stimulate b and T cells
can be from our own cells
Fever is always bad
True or False
False
Calor
Heat
Dolar
Pain
Rubor
Red
B cells and T cells are involved in
specific immunity
which does not pertain to the idea of selective toxicity ?
effectiveness against the pathogenic organism is the only concern
which mechanism of action would have least chance of harm a patients cells
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
was the main treatment for malaria for the most of history
quanine
the main modes of action of antiviral drugs include
barring penetration
blocking transcription and translation
preventing maturation of viral particles
first completely manmade synthetic antibiotic was
sulfa drugs
which is not a granulocyte
macrophages
where do T cell mature
Thymus
lymph nodes are not found in
Forearms
which does not apply to lymphatic fluid ?
transports red blood cells
lymphatic fluid flows towards
The heart
white blood cells are main cells of the immune system
True or False
True
salt in sweat is important to fighting infection
True or False
True
skin a good barrier
True
third line of defense includes
general in action
long term immunity
immune system
the first line of defense is enough to protect from infection
True or False
False
the first line of defense includes
barrier that blocks infection
general in action
objective evidence of disease noted by an observer
Sign
subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient
symptom
shelters a pathogen and spreads without knowing
Carrier
exotoxins are secreted from the cell and cause symptoms of bacterial infection
True or False
True
endotoxins are part of the bacteria cell membrane
True
Capable of causing disease in unhealthy people
Opportunistic pathogen
exogenous portal of entry
Outside the body
pathogen is a microbe that has a parasitic relationships with the host
True or false
True
A fetus or newborn is colonized with normal flora in..
uterus
bottle feeding
breast feeding
c section
birth from the flora of mother
benefit of normal flora is preventing overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
True or false
True
An organisms normal flora include
fungi
viruses
protozoa
bacteria
