Study Guide Flashcards
What osmolality of solution is suitable to be administered through peripheral veins?
600 mOsm or less
What causes the greatest change in flow through a catheter?
Changes in diameter
Larger catheter = smaller guage
What are possible complications of catheterization?
Phlebitis
Thrombosis
Embolism
Infection
What type of catheters have increased severity of complications?
Central venous catheters
What solution determines IV volume?
Na
What is hypovolemia?
Loss of intravascular fluids
What is a balanced fluid and what are examples?
A fluid that resembles extracellular fluid (high Ha, low K)
LRS, NormR, Plasmalyte 148
What are replacement fluids?
High in Na and Cl
Low in K
What are colloids?
Fluids in which (theoretically) 100% of infused volume stays in vasculature
What protein generates 80% of cOP in normal states?
Albumin
What is an example of a weak colloid?
Blood products (fresh frozen plasma and whole blood)
Starches interfere with what factors and thus may lead to platelet dysfunction?
Factor VIII
vWBF
What value would be falsely elevated compared to osolality after administration of hetastarch?
USG
What riage category would an unconscious patient be classified?
Triage category 1
A patient with short, shallow respirations may have what type of disease?
Pleural space disease or diaphragmatic hernia
Stridor is indicative of what disease?
Upper airway obstruction
What would you do for a patient in respiratory distress?
Minimize stress
Provide oxygen
Sedation - butorphanol
How can you distinguish between cardiac and non-cardiac disease?
Rads
Cardiac disease will have pulmonary venous distntion
What is the equation for DO2?
DO2 = CO x CaO2
What is the equation for CaO2?
(Hb x 1.34 x SaO2) + (PaO2 x 0.003)
What type of heart rate would you expect in a patient in shock?
Mostly bradycardia but can also be tachycardic
What is septic shock?
Systemic inflammatory response to infection complicated by hypotension in face of adequate fluid resusitation
What are DAMPs?
“Danger-associated molecular proteins”
Non-infectious endogenous substances that can cause inflammation
What enzymes cause hemorrhage?
Metalloproteinases
What clinical signs are associated with snake bites?
Local wound swelling
variable pain
What are extreme consequences of snake envenomation?
Respiratory failure, paralysis
What PaCO2 level calls for assisted ventilation?
PCO2 > 65 mmHg
What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones?
Bind to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase to prevent gene transcription
Best for Gram -
What antibiotic is best to treat hospital-acquired pneumonia or patients that have had recent antimicrobial use?
Penicillins with an aminoglycoside (amikacin)
What antimicrobial is best for a recent animal bite?
Potentiated sulfonamides
If a 15kg dog goes into cardiac arrest , which CPR technique would be best to use?
Thoracic pump technique
100-120 bpm
What is an indication for open chest compression?
Pericardial effusion
What are the 4 cardiac arrest rhythms?
Asystole
Pulseless V tach
V fib
Pulseless electrical activity
What drug should you give to a blocked cat with high K?
Calcium gluconate
What is Mean Arterial Pressure?
Cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance
What is the treatent for insulin overdose, hypocalcemia, low glycogen stroes?
Glucagon
In which disease is there hyponatremia and hyperkalemia?
Addisonian crisis
Do not correct Na overnight
If a small dog comes in to your clinic a few days post-partum, febrile, and showing signs of tetany, what disease should you suspect and how will you treat it?
Eclampsia
Give Ca gluconate
How do you treat a dog with thyroid myxedema?
Thyroxine IV
IV fluids
Glucocorticoid
What are the three cascade models of coagulation?
Extrinsic (initiation)
Intrinsic (amplication)
Common (propogation)
What factor up-regulates PAI-1 and PAI-2?
TAFI
What factore help prevent pathologic thrombosis?
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Thrombomodulin
Protein C
Antithrombin
What are the two events in DIC?
- Widespread fibrin deposition
2. Consumption of platelets and clotting factors
How can you diagnose DIC? How do you treat it?
Dx: FDP
Tx: treat underlying cause
What clin path abnormality would you see with Vit K antagonism?
Prolonged PT with normal PTT
If you suspect an animal has a coagulopathy and the owner is limited financially, what test is best?
ACT
What is Virchow’d triad?
Endothelial damage
Change in blood flow
Hypercoagulability
What is the #1 disease concurrently diagnosed with thrombosis?
Cancer
Which test would you not use to diagnose a pulmonary thromboembolism?
TEG?
What is the mechanism of action of unfractioned heparin?
Potentiation of antithrombin
What is mechanical thromboprophylaxis?
Early and frequent controlled exercise
What measure of blood pressure is very accurate?
Direct arterial BP
Does respiratory rate affect the accuracy of pulse ox?
No
What physiologic changes would you see with hypoventilation?
Decreased RR and tidal volume
Increased metabolic rate
Rise in body temp
What ages are considered pediatric?
2-3 weeks through 4-6 months
What is a normal neonatal temperature at 1 week old?
96-97 degrees F
What is a normal neonatal heart rate at 1 week old?
200-220 bpm
How can you assess neonatal hydration?
Weight
MM
Urine color
How will you be able to tell is a neonate is not excreting urine?
Roll over, will see uroabdomen
What is the most life-threatening injury induced by trauma?
Pneumothorax
What is true about conventional (fluid?) resusitation?
Don’t typically give shock dose
What imaging is required for all trauma patients?
Thoracic rads
What diagnostics would you do immediately for an animal with multiple fractures and in shock?
Thoracic rads
AFAST
What diagnost is done on MOST trauma patients?
AFAST
What is the Cushings relfex?
Hypertension with reflex bradycardia
What injury requires surgery immediately after cardiovascular stabilization?
Spinal fracture
What type of bandage is best for contaminated wounds?
Wet-to-dry
