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A&P II Test 1 > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Composition

A

Blood Plasma, Formed Elements, RBC’s

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2
Q

Definition of Blood Plasm

A

Blood minus it’s cells

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3
Q

Composition of Blood Plasma

A

Water containing may dissolved substances

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4
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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5
Q

Non-granular leukocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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6
Q

Structure of RBCs

A

disk-shaped without nuclei

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7
Q

Function of RBCs

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Anemia

A

Inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen to tissues

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9
Q

causes of anemia

A

inadequate RBCs or deficiency of hemoglobin

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10
Q

Types of Anemia

A

Hemorrhagic, Aplastic, Pernicious, sickle cell

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11
Q

Alpastic Anemia

A

decreased RBCs caused by destruction of blood forming elements

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12
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

lack of intrinsic factors in stomach reduces availability of Vitamin b12 needed for RBC production

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13
Q

Sickle Cell

A

inherited defective gene of genes produce an abnormal type of hemoglobin that is less able to carry oxygen

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14
Q

Polycythemia

A

Abnormally High RBC count

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15
Q

medical test in which a centrifuge is used to separeate whole blood into formed elements and liquid fraction

A

hematocrit test

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16
Q

Normal RBC level

A

45%

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17
Q
  1. Hematopoiesis has to have a few basic requirements
A

a. Absorb b12, folic acid and nutrients from food
b. Blood transports absorbed nutrients
c. Red blood cell production in red bone marrow
d. Red blood cells circulate for about 120 days
e. Macrophages bring damaged blood cells to liver
f. The Liver breaks down the pieces and reuses everything except bilirubin which is a waste.

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18
Q
  • Name several substances found in blood plasma.
A

o Substances that can be found in the blood are nutrients, oxygen, and salts.

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19
Q
  • Explain the function of albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.
A

o The function of albumins is to thicken and maintain the blood volume.
o The function of globulins is to protect us from infections.
o The function of fibrinogen is necessary for blood clotting.

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20
Q
  • What is the difference between serum and plasma?
A

o Serum is plasma minus the clotting factors.

o Plasma is the liquid or extracellular part of blood.

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21
Q
  • What are two types of connective tissues that form blood cells? Where are they found and what do each of them form?
A

o Two types of connective tissue are myeloid tissue and lymphatic tissue. Myeloid tissue can be found in the red bone marrow and is where hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation) occurs. The lymphatic tissue can be found in the lymph nodes, thymus and spleen.

22
Q

General Function WBCs

A

defense

23
Q

amount of cells from greatest to smalles

A

1rst largest group of cell in our blood are erythrocytes.
2nd largest group of cell in our blood are neutrophils.
3rd largest group of cell in our blood are lymphocytes.
4th largest group of cell in our blood are monocytes which start out as little guards for the blood then moved out phagocyting in the tissues.
5th largest group of cell in our blood are the eosinophils which defend against parasites
Last are the basophils which serve an inflammatory function.

24
Q
  1. Blood clot formation
A

a. Clotting factors released at injury site produce prothrombin activator
b. Prothrombin activator and calcium convert prothrombin to thrombin
c. Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen and triggers the formation of fibrin, which traps RBC’s to form a clot.

25
Q

may occur when Rh-negative mother carries a second Rh-positive fetus; caused by mother’s Rh antibodies reacting with the fetus’ Rh-positive cells

A

D. Hemolytic disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis

26
Q
  • Explain the function of eosinophils and basophils.
A

o Eosinophils are weak phagocytes that protect against certain parasitic worms
o Basophils secrete the chemical histamine during inflammatory reactions. The potent anticoagulant heparin is secreted that ensures that makes it so that Blood does not clog in the veins.

27
Q
  • Explain fully the process of blood clot formation. Formation of a blood clot is the result of a series of enzyme chain reactions. Each step is carefully controlled to make sure the clot occurs properly.
A

o Injury
o Prothrombin activator. Platelets begin to become sticky
o A plug begins to form
o Prothrombin reacts with calcium to form thrombin
o Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to make a more prominent plug that stops bleeding

28
Q
  • Differentiate between a thrombus and an embolus.
A

o Thrombus: when a clot is formed but does not break apart and travel throughout the blood stream
o Embolus: when a blood clot breaks apart and begins to circulate throughout the blood stream

29
Q
  • Explain how heparin inhibits blood clot formation.
A

o It keeps blood from clotting up by inactivating thrombin and preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

30
Q
  • Why is the first Rh-positive baby born to an Rh-negative mother usually unaffected?
A

o Because the mom does not form Rh antigens against the Rh positive baby until she comes into contact with the baby’s blood during birth.

31
Q

Location, size, and position of heart

A
  1. Triangular organ located in mediastinum with two thirds of the mass to the left of the body midlines and one third to the right; the apex on the diagram; shape and size of a closed fist.
  2. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the heart lies between the sternum in front and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae behind; rhythmic compressions of the heart between the sternum and the vertebrae can maintain blood flow during cardiac arrest; if combined with artificial respiration procedure, it can be lifesaving.
32
Q

Anatomy of heart chambers

A

a. Two upper chambers called atria which are the receiving chambers ( right and left)
b. Two lower chambers called ventricles which are the discharging chambers
c. Wall of each of the heart chamber is composed of cardiac muscle tissue called MYOCARDIUM
d. ENDOCARDIUM: smooth lining of heart chambers. The inflammation of the endocardium is called ENDOCARDITIS

33
Q

Anatomy of covering sac or pericardium of heart

A

a. Pericardium is a two layered fibrous sac with a lubricated space between two layers.
b. Inner layers called viscera; pericardium or epicardium
c. Outer layer is called parietal pericardium.

34
Q

Anatomy of heart action

A

a. Contraction of the heart is called systole

b. Relaxation is called diastole

35
Q

Anatomy of heart valves

A

b. Consists of 2 atrioventricular and 2 semilunar valves
(1) Tricuspid: at the opening of the right atrium into the ventricle
(2) Bicuspid (Mitral): at the opening of the left atrium into the ventricle
(3) Pulmonary Semilunar: at the beginning of the pulmonary artery
(4) Aortic semilunar at the beginning of aorta

36
Q

Heart sounds

explain lub dub

A
  1. Two distinct hear sounds are in every hear beat or cycle (LUB DUB)
  2. First sound is caused by the vibration and closure of AV valves during contraction of the ventricles
  3. Second sound is caused by the closure of AV valves during contraction of the ventricles
37
Q

Sequence of blood flow through heart

A

a. Venous blood enters right atrium through the superior vena cava
b. Passes from right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
c. From the right ventricle it passes through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
d. Blood from the lungs moves into the left atrium passing through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle
e. Blood from the left ventricle is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve in the aorta and then throughout the body

38
Q

Blood supply to the heart muscle

A
  1. Blood, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium of the heart, flows through the right and left coronary arteries this is called coronary circulation.
39
Q

Blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle

A

Myocardial infarction

40
Q
  1. Coronary bypass surgery
A

veins from other parts of the body are used to bypass blockages in coronary arteries

41
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from one ventricle with each beat

42
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood that one ventricle can pump each minuet. This is about 5 liters a min.

43
Q
  1. Specialized conduction system structures generate an transmit the electrical impulses that result in contraction of the heart
A

a. SA node: the pacemaker which is located in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava.
b. AV node: located in the right atrium along the lower part of the interatrial septum
c. AV bundle: located in the septum of the ventricle
d. Purkinje fibers: located in the walls of the ventricles

44
Q

H. Electrocardiogram

A
  1. The tiny electrical impulses traveling through the heart’s conduction system can be picked up on the surface of the body and transformed into visible tracings by a machine called an electrocardiograph
  2. The visible tracing of these electrical signals is called an electrocardiogram
  3. The normal ECG has 3 deflections or waves
    a. P wave: associated with depolarization of the atria
    b. QRS wave: associated with depolarization of the ventricles
    c. T wave: associated with repolarization of the ventricles
45
Q

Function of arteries, capilaries and veins

A
  1. Arteries: distribution of nutrients, gases, etc., with movement of blood under high pressure; assist in maintaining the arterial blood pressure
  2. Capillaries: serve as exchange vessels for nutrients, waste, and fluids
  3. Veins: collect blood to return to the heart; low pressure vessels
46
Q

What causes blood to circulate?

A

blood pressure

47
Q

Factors that influence blood pressure

A
  1. Blood volume: the larger the volume, the more pressure is exerted on vessel walls
  2. Strength of heart contractions: affect cardiac output; stronger heartbeat increases pressure and a weaker one decreases it
  3. Heart rate: increased rate= increased pressure
  4. Blood viscosity: less than normal viscosity or thickness decreases pressure while more than normal viscosity or thickness increases the pressure.
  5. Resistance to blood flow: this can be affected by many factors including the vasomotor mechanism (Muscle contraction/ Relaxation)
48
Q
  1. Venous blood pressure within the right atrium is called
A

CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE

49
Q
  1. Venous return of blood to the heart depends on 5 mechanisms:
A

a. A strong beating heart
b. An adequate arterial blood pressure
c. Valves in the veins
d. Pumping action of skeletal muscles as they contract
e. Changing pressures in the chest cavity caused by breathing

50
Q

B. Nine Major “pulse points” named after arteries over which they are felt

A
  1. Superficial temporal artery
  2. Facial artery
  3. Carotid artery
  4. Brachial artery
  5. Radial artery
  6. Femoral artery
  7. Popliteal
  8. Posterior tibial
  9. Dorsalis pedis
51
Q

definition of pulse

A

alternate expansion and recoil of the blood vessel wall

A&P II Test 1 (1 decks)

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