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Immuno Final > Study guide > Flashcards

Study guide Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: in vaccination, both antibody and T cell responses seem to depend on the innate immune system.

A

True

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2
Q

Immunity aquired through passive immunotherapy is best described by what statement?

A

Transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal

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3
Q

What are examples of a transfer of antibodies from an immune individual?

A

breast milk to baby
placenta to fetus
injection of antisera (horse or human)

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4
Q

Does vaccination always ensure immunity?

A

No

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5
Q

What must occur in order to develop immunity?

A

B cells and T cells against the pathogen must develop

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6
Q

What is immunization?

A

the process of eliciting a long-lived state of protective immunity against a disease-causing pathogen

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7
Q

In active immunization how can effectiveness be checked?

A

checking antibody titers

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8
Q

In order to produce memory kiiller T cells with a vaccine, what must be true?

A

the infected cell must present antigen on MHC I

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9
Q

In order to produce a memory helper T cell, what must be true?

A

antigen presenting protein must present an antigen on MHC II

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10
Q

In order to produce a memory B cell, what must be true?

A

antigen coming to a secondary lymph organ via lymph or blood

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11
Q

Most vaccines are believed to confer protection through what mechanism?

A

neutralizing complement

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12
Q

Adjuvants may trigger autoimmune responses, but won’t lead to autoimmune diseases. True or False?

A

false

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13
Q

What are the classifications of vaccines?

A

subunit
toxoid
CHO
conjugate

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14
Q

What is the most common adjuvent in human vaccines?

A

aluminum

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15
Q

What are non-infectious vaccines designed to do?

A

not to infect the host

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16
Q

What happens when a non-infectious vaccine is introduced into the body?

A

B cells make antibodies that bind to the toxin and weaken the real attack

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17
Q

Tetanus vaccine is an example of what kind of vaccine?

A

toxoid

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18
Q

Transfer of preformed antibodies from mother to fetus can confer what type of immunity?

A

passive

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19
Q

Recovery from a disease always leads to immunity.

A

false

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20
Q

Why doesn’t getting a disease mean you’re immune to it?

A

because some pathogens can mutate rapidly or they can cause a persistent or latent infection

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21
Q

What is an example of a pathogen that can become latent that we went over in class?

A

HIV

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22
Q

What are the examples of non-infectious vaccines?

A

Diptheria and Tetanus

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23
Q

Which cytokine is anti-inflammatory?

A

IL-10

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24
Q

Describe how a carrier vaccine works

A

introduce a single gene from a pathogenic microbe into a virus that doesn’t cause disease
the carrier infects the host’s antigen presenting proteins
the pathogenic microbe protein fragments are presented on MHC I molecules

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25
Q

What types of cells are produced with a carrier vaccine?

A

memory B, memory helper T, memory killer T

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26
Q

When people are injected with crude versions of allergies, what eventually happens?

A 
the B cells seem to class switch from IgE to another antibody class like IgG
repeated injections may generate iTregs which produce cytokines that suppress IgE production
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27
Q

The yellow fever vaccine activates toll like receptors on killer T cells.

A

False

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28
Q

In an allergic response, the following cells contribute to the response in what order from slowest to fastest?

A

eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

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29
Q

Where are mast cells stationed when associating with immediate allergic reactions?

A

tissues

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30
Q

Where are basophils stationed when associating with immediage allergic response? How?

A

blood by signals given off by mast cells

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31
Q

What do basophils and mast cells bind to during an immediate allergic response? What results?

A

IgE, results in crosslinking of Fc receptors that causes degranulation

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32
Q

What do the Th cells do during an allergic response?

A

secrete IL-5 which can recruit many eosinophils from the bone marrow

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33
Q

Where are eosinophils located?

A

bone marrow

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34
Q

Contact with soil microbes early in life is thought to be associated with what?

A

Shift to Th-1 bias

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35
Q

What environmental factors can help shift to a Th-1 bias in children?

A

grow up on farms, older siblings, owning a dog, etc.

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36
Q

It has been observed that autoimmune diseases frequently follow what event?

A

infections

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37
Q

Why can infections lead to autoimmune diseases?

A

molecular mimicry

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38
Q

Why don’t people get autoimmune diseases before the infection?

A

affinity of receptors is too low to trigger activation or

restricted traffic pattern of naive lymphocytes never brought them into contact

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39
Q

What is molecular mimicry?

A

lymphocytes have receptors that recognize their cognate antigen on the microbe, the receptor could cross react with a self antigen causing an autoimmune disease

40
Q

What is associated with aluminum intake?

A

anemia, inflammation

41
Q

How does aluminum lead to anemia?

A

aluminum disrupts iron homeostasis which causes free iron release
this can lead to increased ROS and hepcidin
decreased hepcidin leads to a decrease in GI iron intake and decreased GI iron release from cells
this causes anemia

42
Q

Which disease is most commonly vaccinated for in this day and age?

A

rotavirus

43
Q

How can we prevent children from getting rotavirus?

A

reccommend they get breastfed and are not put in a day care until they are a little older

44
Q

Is there a treatment for rotavirus?

A

no

45
Q

What is the vaccine type for rotavirus?

A

infectious live vaccine

46
Q

Is a stool test usually done when testing for rotavirus?

A

no

47
Q

In HIV, what allows the virus to evade immune system defenses?

A

high mutation rate

48
Q

What happens if there is a non-functional CD40 or CD40L?

A

B cells are unable to class switch and secrete mainly IgM

49
Q

What disease can occur if there is a mutation that affects the formation and function of the thymus?

A

DiGeorge syndrome

50
Q

What is SCIDs?

A

Severe Immunodeficiency Syndrome
neither B or T cells function because of a defect in the protein that initiates gene splicing required to produce B cell receptors and T cell receptors

51
Q

How is HIV-1 able to defeat the immune system?

A

it takes a viral enzyme (reverse transcriptase) and makes a copy of DNA that is inserted into the host DNA and it can sit there undetected by CTLs

52
Q

How long does it take HIV-1 to invade?

A

5-10 days

53
Q

Measles outbreaks have occurred in highly vaccinated populations.

A

true

54
Q

What kind of immunity does vaccines create?

A

leaky herd immunity

55
Q

The majority of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis will not develop an active TB infection in their lifetime

A

True

56
Q

How is tuberculosis contracted?

A

airborne infection (microdroplets)

57
Q

What should happen when mycobacterium tuberculosis is inhaled?

A

the organism is engulfed by alveolar macrophges into a phagosome which fuses to a lysozome to destory the organism

58
Q

What is an example of an acute, potentially life-threatening complication of an infection that can lead to multiple organ failure?

A

Sepsis

59
Q

When does sepsis occur?

A

when chemicals that are released into the bloodstream to fight the infection end up triggering inflammation throughout the body

60
Q

What happens during septic shock?

A

blood pressure drops dramatically, which can lead to death

61
Q

What is the treatment for sepsis?

A

antibiotics and lots of IV fluids early on improves survival rate

62
Q

A single gene mutation can cause immunodeficiency. True or false?

A

True

63
Q

Which immune cell has never been shown to have an antitumor effect?

A

Mast cells

64
Q

Which immune cell has never been shown to have tumor promoting effects?

A

NK cells

65
Q

What is it about the human immunodeficiency virus that allows it to successfully evade our immune system?

A

High mutation rate

66
Q

If a particular genetic defect has never been observed in humans, what would you conclude?

A

it is lethal

67
Q

What immune cells are quick acting, recognize divserse target structures, and in vitro have been shown to destroy some cancer cells?

A

macrophages, NK cells, Killer T cells (CTLs take time to act)

68
Q

What is the function of RAG-2 protein?

A

Necessary to assemble both B and T cell receptors

69
Q

In humans with cancer, higher lymphocyte counts associated with tumors are associated with longer survival.True or false?

A

true

70
Q

What is a common cause of cancer?

A

mulitple mutations and a viral infection

71
Q

What is an eample of a type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A

hemolytic anemia

72
Q

What hypersensitivity has an inflamatory compnent and is associated with antibody-antigen immune complexes?

A

Type III

73
Q

What is an example of a type IV hypersensitivity?

A

poison ivy, Chron’s disease

74
Q

What is an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction

A

lupus erythematosus

75
Q

What hypersensitivity is associated with IgE?

A

type I

76
Q

What hypersensitivity is associated with IgG and IgM?

A

types II and III

77
Q

What hypersensitivity is T cell mediated?

A

type IV

78
Q

When stimulated, this nerve can shut down inflammation by inhibiting cytokine release from macrophges.

A

Vagus nerve

79
Q

What is the cource of acetylcholine that binds to macrophges in the spleen, attenuating the cytokine release associated with inflammation?

A

Chat + T cells in the spleen

80
Q

Most flus aren’t caused by the influenza organism. True or false?

A

true

81
Q

Vagal nerve stimulation improved survival in mice with peritonitis associated with perforation of intestines. True or False?

A

true

82
Q

Animals deficient in what are exquisitely sensitive to inflammatory challenges because they overproduce cytokines?

A

vagal nerve activity

nicotinic receptors

83
Q

An increase in heart rate variability is associated with what?

A

increased parasympathetic tone

84
Q

Cell migration within secondary lymphoid organs is controlled in part by neural signals. True or false?

A

true

85
Q

What does a genetic mutation disrupt that could lead to cancer?

A

proteins that repair mutated DNA, which could lead to a marked rise in accumulated mutations

86
Q

Why have NK cells never been shown to have tumor promoting effects?

A

because as soon as the NK cell recognizes unusual surface molecules and low levels of MHC I, it kills it off before they can do anything

87
Q

Where do most NK cells reside?

A

blood

88
Q

Why does a type II hypersensitivity lead to hemolytic anemia?

A

antibodies can bind to carbs or proteins that are present on RBCs, this causes the RBC to be phagycytized and once the compliment is fixed, RBCs are lysed

89
Q

Vagal nerve stimulation stimulates the release of what?

A

cytokines, eicosanoids, DAMPs, PAMPs

90
Q

Heart rate variability is inversely correlated with the risk of what diseases?

A

cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hpertension, dyslipidemia

91
Q

Increased heart rate variability is positively correlated with what?

A

longevity in cencer, better cognitive performance in Alzheimer’s disease

92
Q

What can macrophges secrete?

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-18, HMGB1

93
Q

Once the efferent vagus nerve leaves the brain, what does it do?

A

synapses on the celiac ganglion

94
Q

Where does the splenic neuron run from and to?

A

from the celiac ganglion to the spleen

95
Q

What kind of neuron is the splenic neuron?

A

adrenergic

96
Q

What is realeased form the splenic neuron and what does it do?

A

norepinephrine, stimulates T cells

97
Q

What does the T cell use to activate the macrophge?

A

acetylcholine

Immuno Final (1 decks)

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