Study Guide 3 Flashcards
Innate Immunity
Active all the time, mostly effective, and resistant to plant and animal pathogens.
What is your first line of defense from pathogens?
Antimicrobial peptides
* Present in skin, mucous membranes and neutrophils
What process and chemicals are involved in your first line of defense?
Many organs secrete chemicals with antimicrobial properties
ex.(stomach acids, bile, urine)
What happens in the body when the first line of defense is breached? (penetrates through skin or mucous membranes)
The second line of defense attacks the pathogen, our blood.
Acquired Immunity
Immunity we form throughout our life
Active Immunity
Immunity you develop yourself
Passive Immunity
Immunity you acquire from someone or something else
Active/Natural Immunity
Antibodies made after exposure to an infection
Active/Artificial Immunity
Antibodies made after getting a vaccine
Passive/Natural Immunity
Antibodies transferred from mother to baby via breast milk
Passive/Artificial Immunity
Antibodies acquired from an immune serum medicine.
Where are T cells developed?
Developed within the red bone marrow and matured in the thymus gland.
When is the primary lymphoid organ most active?
The Thymus gland is most active during infancy, childhood, and early adolescence.
What do T lymphocytes do?
They circulate in the lymph organs and in the blood. They migrate to the spleen, lymph nodes. They do not recognize epitopes directly and act against tumor/cancer cells.
T-cells are
Cell-mediated immunity
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Kill other cells, binds by epitope and perforates its cell wall by perforin and secretes an enzyme called granzyme that triggers cell to activate apoptosis (self-euthanasia
Helper T lymphocytes
Regulates and orchestrates immune responses
Regulatory T lymphocytes
Represses adaptive immune responses. Knows when to stop killing cells
Memory T Cells
Persists for months and years in lymphoid tissues, as soon as exposed to pathogens it immediately attacks. It’s quicker in response.
What are MHC molecules?
They are a group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances. (self v non self)
What does MHC stand for?
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC Class 1?
Class I MHC molecules span the membrane of almost every cell in an organism
What can happen when the normal microbiota is disrupted?
If they are introduced to an unusual site of the body. If broad spectrum antibiotics are used and completely alters the normal state of microbiota causing super infections.
When is normal microbiota established in one’s body?
Within the first two months of life
Resident Microbiota
Mostly commensal, are part of the normal microbiota throughout life
ex.(E.coli in gut, S. Epi on the skin.
Transient Microbiota
Remain in body for short periods of time in the same region as resident microbiota, due to competition from other microorganisms, elimination by the bodies defense cells, and chemical of physical changes in the body.
Symbiosis
Symbiosis means “to live together”
* We have symbiotic relationships with countless microorganisms
Mutualism
Organisms work dynamically with each-other +/+
ex.(bacterial flora in gut)
Commencialism
One organism benefits, the other gains nor loses +/ 0
ex.(Staph epidermidis)
Parasitism
One organism benefits, the other suffers +/-
ex.(HIV,Ebola,Chlamydia,Syphilis)
What happens after the first exposure to an antigen?
During the first exposure, first a lag period, at the 3rd day the first antibody produced (IgM) reacts first and also dies first. The second antibody (IgG) responds halfway through the death of IgM and lasts longer with the height of its productivity being at 15 days. Takes longer to get better
What happens after the second exposure to an antigen?
During the second exposure there is no lag period, the (IgG) antibody is the first to respond and lasts about a week, the antibody (IgM) peaks at the third day and dies immediately after.
Why do you need a booster shot for some vaccines?
So the IgG antibodies already recognize the antigen and can react quicker and protect the body for longer.
