Study Guide 3

Question 1

Innate Immunity

Answer 1

Active all the time, mostly effective, and resistant to plant and animal pathogens.

Question 2

What is your first line of defense from pathogens?

Answer 2

Antimicrobial peptides
* Present in skin, mucous membranes and neutrophils

Question 3

What process and chemicals are involved in your first line of defense?

Answer 3

Many organs secrete chemicals with antimicrobial properties
ex.(stomach acids, bile, urine)

Question 4

What happens in the body when the first line of defense is breached? (penetrates through skin or mucous membranes)

Answer 4

The second line of defense attacks the pathogen, our blood.

Question 5

Acquired Immunity

Answer 5

Immunity we form throughout our life

Question 6

Active Immunity

Answer 6

Immunity you develop yourself

Question 7

Passive Immunity

Answer 7

Immunity you acquire from someone or something else

Question 8

Active/Natural Immunity

Answer 8

Antibodies made after exposure to an infection

Question 9

Active/Artificial Immunity

Answer 9

Antibodies made after getting a vaccine

Question 10

Passive/Natural Immunity

Answer 10

Antibodies transferred from mother to baby via breast milk

Question 11

Passive/Artificial Immunity

Answer 11

Antibodies acquired from an immune serum medicine.

Question 12

Where are T cells developed?

Answer 12

Developed within the red bone marrow and matured in the thymus gland.

Question 13

When is the primary lymphoid organ most active?

Answer 13

The Thymus gland is most active during infancy, childhood, and early adolescence.

Question 14

What do T lymphocytes do?

Answer 14

They circulate in the lymph organs and in the blood. They migrate to the spleen, lymph nodes. They do not recognize epitopes directly and act against tumor/cancer cells.

Question 15

T-cells are

Answer 15

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 16

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Answer 16

Kill other cells, binds by epitope and perforates its cell wall by perforin and secretes an enzyme called granzyme that triggers cell to activate apoptosis (self-euthanasia

Question 17

Helper T lymphocytes

Answer 17

Regulates and orchestrates immune responses

Question 18

Regulatory T lymphocytes

Answer 18

Represses adaptive immune responses. Knows when to stop killing cells

Question 19

Memory T Cells

Answer 19

Persists for months and years in lymphoid tissues, as soon as exposed to pathogens it immediately attacks. It’s quicker in response.

Question 20

What are MHC molecules?

Answer 20

They are a group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances. (self v non self)

Question 21

What does MHC stand for?

Answer 21

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Question 22

MHC Class 1?

Answer 22

Class I MHC molecules span the membrane of almost every cell in an organism

Question 23

What can happen when the normal microbiota is disrupted?

Answer 23

If they are introduced to an unusual site of the body. If broad spectrum antibiotics are used and completely alters the normal state of microbiota causing super infections.

Question 24

When is normal microbiota established in one’s body?

Answer 24

Within the first two months of life

Question 25

Resident Microbiota

Answer 25

Mostly commensal, are part of the normal microbiota throughout life
ex.(E.coli in gut, S. Epi on the skin.

Question 26

Transient Microbiota

Answer 26

Remain in body for short periods of time in the same region as resident microbiota, due to competition from other microorganisms, elimination by the bodies defense cells, and chemical of physical changes in the body.

Question 27

Symbiosis

Answer 27

Symbiosis means “to live together”
* We have symbiotic relationships with countless microorganisms

Question 28

Mutualism

Answer 28

Organisms work dynamically with each-other +/+
ex.(bacterial flora in gut)

Question 29

Commencialism

Answer 29

One organism benefits, the other gains nor loses +/ 0
ex.(Staph epidermidis)

Question 30

Parasitism

Answer 30

One organism benefits, the other suffers +/-
ex.(HIV,Ebola,Chlamydia,Syphilis)

Question 31

What happens after the first exposure to an antigen?

Answer 31

During the first exposure, first a lag period, at the 3rd day the first antibody produced (IgM) reacts first and also dies first. The second antibody (IgG) responds halfway through the death of IgM and lasts longer with the height of its productivity being at 15 days. Takes longer to get better

Question 32

What happens after the second exposure to an antigen?

Answer 32

During the second exposure there is no lag period, the (IgG) antibody is the first to respond and lasts about a week, the antibody (IgM) peaks at the third day and dies immediately after.

Question 33

Why do you need a booster shot for some vaccines?

Answer 33

So the IgG antibodies already recognize the antigen and can react quicker and protect the body for longer.