Study Guide 2 Flashcards
How are attachment styles theorized to influence relationships?
Attachment theory: how were cared for as kids reflects relationships later on
3 attachment styles that affect relationships
1. Secure: people well taken care of come into relationships assuming it will be the same
2. Anxious ambivalent: others are reluctant to get close and feel like lovers will leave them
3. Avoidance: they’re very dismissive and feel like they don’t need anyone and fearful and feel like they can’t count on anyone
-controversial because if there’s an issue you look at individuals but it’s pessimistic and deterministic in that if you were mistreated when you were later if will happen later on
What kinds of communication patterns are more facilitative of relationships?
-neutral about conflict, empathetic and understanding, turn towards conflict not away
When people respond to each other with 4 things when in negative situations they’re bad indicators
1. Criticism- state in a way of something wrong with partner
2. Contemp- greatest indicator of divorce; comes from state of superiority
3. Defensiveness-when someone raises conflict and you don’t listen
4. Stonewalling- emotional withdrawal
-stable relationships have mood positive than negative interactions
Good:
1. Help with underlying issues
2. Stay in tough and affectionate
3. Behave like good friends and handle negative things in a gentle manner
Uncoupling
:process about how people think about their identities, not the physical world
- not simple or easy to part
- ups and downs but overall pretty linear and peeve have specific roles
- there’s an initiator (critique of having motive) and the partner
- begins with a secret of one person feeling uncomfortable in the relationship
- that person becomes oriented towards the new and sees it as unsaveable
- often find a transitional person
- initiators often have to reduce dissonance by creating their own story; accumulating resources while other is unaware
- the collaborative coverup: initiator not being clear while partner isn’t seeing what they should
- eventually discontent leads to surfacing
- power imbalance of two involved; differential pacing
- critique of roles being less clear and people may own them differently
Tips about how to male relationships work
- Combination of self compassion and congruence between inside and outside (communicating about the big stuff)
- Empathy (putting ourself in the other persons shoes)
- Taking responsibility for ourselves (if you didn’t say you wanted to move and so then it’s on you)
- Having appropriate boundaries (there is n I and you but also a we)
- Kindness
- Sense of humor
- Doing what you can to keep trust
What variables foster helping behavior?
2 types of helping behavior 1. Altruistic: on behalf of someone else 2. Egoistic: makes us feel good What influences helping behavior 1. Acquaintances/liking- people want to help people we like 2. Similarity- people they feel similar to generated empathy, social identities could make a difference 3. Where and how close people live 4. Time people have -feeling needed is good for people
Bystander intervention research
5 steps a potential helper has to take in order to help:
1. Notice what is happening
2. Interpret it as an emergency
3. For the helper to decide they have a responsibility to Ct
4. Know what to do
5. Decide to do it
-there are situational or personal reasons why people might not help
-witnesses to events also play a role in them
Bystanders deny responsibility also by scapegoating the bully:
1. Denial of harm
2. Scapegoating bully
What do we know about the relationship between attitude and behavior?
Attitude: enduring evaluations of people, objects, and ideas that are reflected in our thoughts, feelings, and actions, but also more or less based on these
-taboo: attitude about something we think should be invisible, considerable amount of people who want to do it
-behavior influences attitudes but certain times you act based on attitude
Special situations when we behave based on actions
1. Minimize outside influences
2. Attitude specific to action
3. Attitude is very potent
-voting: attitude about who you vote for makes action
What favors influence peoples willingness to say yes without thought?
- Reciprocity: we should repay what’s given to us, help with no rewards
* rejection than retreat - commitment and consistency: more apt to do so when you public ally declare it
- Social proof: people look to see what others do especially with uncertainty
- Liking: more apt to say yes to people we like; talked about what makes you like someone
- Authority: power positions
- Principle of scarcity: limited number/ deadlines
- persuasion can also help with moral action; helpful action leads to moral thought
Conformity
:general response to social norms and influences, going along with underlying messages of how to behave
People conform because they:
1. Want to be liked/ seek approval
2. Are in an ambiguous situations
3. Conform from social contagion
-tendency to think we wouldn’t be influenced: fundamental attribution error
Obedience
:complying with social expectation or responding to specific other
Milgrim experiment
- proximity to victim and authority controlled level of obedience
- dispositional variables: people’s willingness to give control
- when they were in groups they followed each other (social contagion)
Ascheq
Knon
Groupthink
-emerged from the question of how good people can make bad decisions
-the way a cert cohesive and insulated group makes bad decisions
:deterioration of mental efficient, reality testing (what-ifs), and moral judgements; your loyalty to the group becomes the highest morality
Symptoms:
1. Invulnerability (within group)
2. Rationalization (rationalize actions to reduce dissonance)
3. Sense of morality (within group belief it’s the right thing)
4. Stereotype of people outside the group
5. Pressure of dissent
6. Self censorship
7. Allusion of inanity
8. Mind guarding (shielding group from info of the contrary)
*Variables that prevent groupthink
- Take time pressure away
- Role of leader is important; leader should lead discussion with their own opinion
- Pay attention to your dissonance, when something that’s an emergency and needs intervention, and what you think when someone is try to persuade you
Deindividuation
-groupthink is a monitoring and specific example
-when we feel unaccountable
-crowd mind: feeling less responsible; loss of individualism
-can lead to less responsibility
-when they’re in groups more hateful and disguise themselves
-cover face
Factors that led to it
1. Social arousal
2. Group presence and size
3. Decreased self awareness
4. Physical anonymity
5. Diffused responsibility
