study guide 2 Flashcards
thermal burns
direct heat source; fire, hot liquids, or steam.
most common type of burn
chemical burns
strong acids, bases, or other corrosive substances; bleach, ammonia, or battery acid
electrical burns
electric current passing through the body, which can cause deep tissue damage that may not be immediately visible on the skin
radiation burns
exposure to ultraviolet rays (UV) or radiation therapy; cancer treatment
friction burns
when skin rubs against a rough surface, such as in road rash injuries
frist degree burns
superficial burns
only affect the epidermis; no blister formation
ex: mild suburn
symptoms of first degree burn
redness, swelling, and minor pain
usually resolves quickly
second degree burns
partial thickness burns
affects the epidermis and dermis (depper skin layer)
loss of cutaneous membrane affects temperature regulation and fluid bala
ex: scald burns from hot liquids
symptoms of second degree burns
redness, swelling, blister formation, extreme pain, and damage to nerve endings
deep partial thickness
may extend further into the dermis, causing greater damage and scarring
third and fourth degree burns
full thickness burns
affect the entire epidermis, dermis, possibly extending into muscle and bone (4th degree)
signs of third and fourth degree burns
skin appears blackenes, charred, or leathery due to eschar; little to no pain b/c nerve endings are destroyed
symptoms of third and fourth degree burns
low grade fever (due to inflammatory response); massive fluid loss (leading to shock and organ failure); impaired temperature regulation (since skin plays a role in body temp.)
Why are burns more dangerous in children?
more vulnerable to higher metabolic rates (burn injuries further accelerate metabolism leading to nutrient defencies), greater fluid loss (dehydration and shock), immature immune system (increased susceptibility to infection.)
symptoms and complications of burns
fluid loss due to capillary leakage, temperature regulation issues, pain (2nd degree mostly), hypermetabolism, scar tissue development, and infection.
macule
flat, discolored spots on the skin
freckles or small rashes
papules
small, raised, firm bumps
nodules
large, firm lumps that extend deeper into the skin than papules
pustules
raised bumps filled with pus, often due to infection or inflammation
vesicles
small, fluid filled sacs under the skin, typically caused by friction, burns, or viral infections
ulcers
open wounds that penetrate deep into the skin layers, often slow to heal
plaques
raised, scaly, patches of skin that are often associated with chronic skin conditions
eczema
is an allergic immune response to irritants (soap, allergens, weather) and causes red, dry, itchy patches sometimes with oozing blisters; normally located in flexor areas (elbow, knee, behind the ear, face, and hands.)
can flare up then disappear
psoriasis
an autoimmune disorder causing overactive skin cell growth that presents with thick, scaly plaques with silvery-white flakes on red skin; normally on extensor areas (elbows, kness, scalp, lower back.)
lifelong condition, often persistant
squamos cell carcinoma characteristics
appears w/ red, scaly, crusty lesions that may become ulcerated; usually in the face, nec, and hands (sun-exposed areas); can be painful especially if ulcerated; locally invasive and less likely to metastasize
risk factor: sun exposure, fair skin, and open wounds
how do we treat squamos cell carcinoma
topical therapy (if caught early), radiation, and surgery removal
Malignant Melanoma characteristics
develop from moles (nevi) and appears as new, irregularly shaped, multicolored lesion that can show up on any part of the body including areas that get less sun exposure (backs, legs, feet); usually painless in early stages; highly aggressive and likely to metastasize
risk factors are sunburn history, fair skin, genetic predisposition
What are treatment options for Malignant Melanoma?
surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.
what are the key functions of the kidney?
blood pressure regulation; release erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; and removal of waste products via urine
What are the effects of kidney failure?
oliguria, flank pain, fluid shifts and edema, electrolyte imbalance, and metabolic acidosis
How do the kidneys help regulate blood pressure?
adjusting fluid volume and releasing renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to increase bp if needed.
How do the kidneys help with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances?
filter excess fluids and electorlytes to maintain homeostasis. Also regulate pH balance by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate.
What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and excretion?
nephron
What does the nephron do?
creates filtrate (pre-urine) by filtering blood plasma and selectively reabsorbing useful substances while excreting waste.
A Urinalysis is known as the
gold standard
what does specific gravity indicate?
dehydration levels
what would be abnormal findings in the urine?
glucose (diabetes indicator), blood (kidney stones, infection, or trauma), protein (kidney damage- early sign of kidney dx), and white blood cells (infection like UTI or pyelonephritis.)
what does eGFR measure?
how well the nephorns are filtering blood
used in staging chronic kidney disease and renal disease
What blood tests do we use for the kidney?
serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
onset is sudden but often reversible; caused by dehydration, shock, infections, nephrotoxic drugs, kidney stones and sepsis
can resolve w/ treatment is cause is resolved
What are symptoms of AKI?
Oliguria, edema, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, and confusion
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Onset is slow, progressive deterioration over years; caused by diabetes, hypertension, and prolonged kidney damage
irreversible, leads to ESRD requiring dialysis or transplant
What are symptoms of CKD?
Fatigue, persistant, proteinuria, anemia, fluid overload, and bone disease.
Who is more prone to UTI’s?
women
Cystitis
a bladder infection
