study guide 2

Question 1

thermal burns

Answer 1

direct heat source; fire, hot liquids, or steam.

most common type of burn

Question 2

chemical burns

Answer 2

strong acids, bases, or other corrosive substances; bleach, ammonia, or battery acid

Question 3

electrical burns

Answer 3

electric current passing through the body, which can cause deep tissue damage that may not be immediately visible on the skin

Question 4

radiation burns

Answer 4

exposure to ultraviolet rays (UV) or radiation therapy; cancer treatment

Question 5

friction burns

Answer 5

when skin rubs against a rough surface, such as in road rash injuries

Question 6

frist degree burns

superficial burns

Answer 6

only affect the epidermis; no blister formation

ex: mild suburn

Question 7

symptoms of first degree burn

Answer 7

redness, swelling, and minor pain

usually resolves quickly

Question 8

second degree burns

partial thickness burns

Answer 8

affects the epidermis and dermis (depper skin layer)

loss of cutaneous membrane affects temperature regulation and fluid bala

ex: scald burns from hot liquids

Question 9

symptoms of second degree burns

Answer 9

redness, swelling, blister formation, extreme pain, and damage to nerve endings

Question 10

deep partial thickness

Answer 10

may extend further into the dermis, causing greater damage and scarring

Question 11

third and fourth degree burns

full thickness burns

Answer 11

affect the entire epidermis, dermis, possibly extending into muscle and bone (4th degree)

Question 12

signs of third and fourth degree burns

Answer 12

skin appears blackenes, charred, or leathery due to eschar; little to no pain b/c nerve endings are destroyed

Question 13

symptoms of third and fourth degree burns

Answer 13

low grade fever (due to inflammatory response); massive fluid loss (leading to shock and organ failure); impaired temperature regulation (since skin plays a role in body temp.)

Question 14

Why are burns more dangerous in children?

Answer 14

more vulnerable to higher metabolic rates (burn injuries further accelerate metabolism leading to nutrient defencies), greater fluid loss (dehydration and shock), immature immune system (increased susceptibility to infection.)

Question 15

symptoms and complications of burns

Answer 15

fluid loss due to capillary leakage, temperature regulation issues, pain (2nd degree mostly), hypermetabolism, scar tissue development, and infection.

Question 16

macule

Answer 16

flat, discolored spots on the skin

freckles or small rashes

Question 17

papules

Answer 17

small, raised, firm bumps

Question 18

nodules

Answer 18

large, firm lumps that extend deeper into the skin than papules

Question 19

pustules

Answer 19

raised bumps filled with pus, often due to infection or inflammation

Question 20

vesicles

Answer 20

small, fluid filled sacs under the skin, typically caused by friction, burns, or viral infections

Question 21

ulcers

Answer 21

open wounds that penetrate deep into the skin layers, often slow to heal

Question 22

plaques

Answer 22

raised, scaly, patches of skin that are often associated with chronic skin conditions

Question 23

eczema

Answer 23

is an allergic immune response to irritants (soap, allergens, weather) and causes red, dry, itchy patches sometimes with oozing blisters; normally located in flexor areas (elbow, knee, behind the ear, face, and hands.)

can flare up then disappear

Question 24

psoriasis

Answer 24

an autoimmune disorder causing overactive skin cell growth that presents with thick, scaly plaques with silvery-white flakes on red skin; normally on extensor areas (elbows, kness, scalp, lower back.)

lifelong condition, often persistant

Question 25

squamos cell carcinoma characteristics

Answer 25

appears w/ red, scaly, crusty lesions that may become ulcerated; usually in the face, nec, and hands (sun-exposed areas); can be painful especially if ulcerated; locally invasive and less likely to metastasize | risk factor: sun exposure, fair skin, and open wounds

Question 26

how do we treat squamos cell carcinoma

Answer 26

topical therapy (if caught early), radiation, and surgery removal

Question 27

Malignant Melanoma characteristics

Answer 27

develop from moles (nevi) and appears as new, irregularly shaped, multicolored lesion that can show up on any part of the body including areas that get less sun exposure (backs, legs, feet); usually painless in early stages; highly aggressive and likely to metastasize | risk factors are sunburn history, fair skin, genetic predisposition

Question 28

What are treatment options for Malignant Melanoma?

Answer 28

surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.

Question 29

what are the key functions of the kidney?

Answer 29

blood pressure regulation; release erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; and removal of waste products via urine

Question 30

What are the effects of kidney failure?

Answer 30

oliguria, flank pain, fluid shifts and edema, electrolyte imbalance, and metabolic acidosis

Question 31

How do the kidneys help regulate blood pressure?

Answer 31

adjusting fluid volume and releasing renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to increase bp if needed.

Question 32

How do the kidneys help with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances?

Answer 32

filter excess fluids and electorlytes to maintain homeostasis. Also regulate pH balance by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate.

Question 33

What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and excretion?

Answer 33

nephron

Question 34

What does the nephron do?

Answer 34

creates filtrate (pre-urine) by filtering blood plasma and selectively reabsorbing useful substances while excreting waste.

Question 35

A Urinalysis is known as the

Answer 35

gold standard

Question 36

what does specific gravity indicate?

Answer 36

dehydration levels

Question 37

what would be abnormal findings in the urine?

Answer 37

glucose (diabetes indicator), blood (kidney stones, infection, or trauma), protein (kidney damage- early sign of kidney dx), and white blood cells (infection like UTI or pyelonephritis.)

Question 38

what does eGFR measure?

Answer 38

how well the nephorns are filtering blood ## Footnote used in staging chronic kidney disease and renal disease

Question 39

What blood tests do we use for the kidney?

Answer 39

serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Question 40

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Answer 40

onset is sudden but often reversible; caused by dehydration, shock, infections, nephrotoxic drugs, kidney stones and sepsis ## Footnote can resolve w/ treatment is cause is resolved

Question 41

What are symptoms of AKI?

Answer 41

Oliguria, edema, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, and confusion

Question 42

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Answer 42

Onset is slow, progressive deterioration over years; caused by diabetes, hypertension, and prolonged kidney damage ## Footnote irreversible, leads to ESRD requiring dialysis or transplant

Question 43

What are symptoms of CKD?

Answer 43

Fatigue, persistant, proteinuria, anemia, fluid overload, and bone disease.

Question 44

Who is more prone to UTI's?

Answer 44

women

Question 45

Cystitis

Answer 45

a bladder infection