Study Guide Flashcards
What is a genotype?
Genetic makeup of a person.
What is a phenotype?
Inherited physical characteristics, a combo of genetic and environmental influences.
What are neurons?
Central building blocks of the nervous system.
What are neural transmitters?
Chemical messengers of the nervous system.
What are glial cells?
Play a supportive role to neurons.
What are dendrites?
Branching extensions that receive signals from other neurons.
What is the synaptic gap?
The space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.
What is an axon?
Transmits messages.
What is the myelin sheath?
Insulator that increases signal speed.
What is the central nervous system?
Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
What is the somatic nervous system?
Controls voluntary movements.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Regulates rest and digest functions.
What are the lobes of the brain?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal.
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Reasoning, motor control, emotion, language.
What does the parietal lobe do?
Processes information from the body’s senses.
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Interpreting incoming visual information.
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language.
What is the reticular formation?
Regulates sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity.
What does the pons do?
Connects the hindbrain with the rest of the brain; regulates brain during sleep.
What is the function of the medulla?
Controls automatic processes of the autonomic nervous system: breathing, blood pressure, heart rate.
What does the cerebellum control?
Balance and coordination, movement, and motor skills.
What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?
Uses a magnetic field to align and disorient spinning atoms in brain molecules to produce a picture.
What is Computerized Tomography (CT)?
Uses x-ray photographs to quickly show damage such as a stroke or tumor.
What is the endocrine system?
System of glands that produce hormones.
What is learning?
A change in behavior due to experience.
What are instincts?
Innate behaviors that occur automatically.
What are reflexes?
Automatic responses to stimuli.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association between stimuli.
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through consequences of behavior.
What are schedules of reinforcement?
Rules that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
What are the four parts of observational learning?
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation.
What is modeling?
Learning by imitating others.
What is shaping?
Gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the desired behavior.
What is association?
Connecting two stimuli or events.
What is discrimination?
The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli.
What is generalization?
Responding similarly to similar stimuli.
What is physical development?
Changes in the body and motor skills.
What is cognitive development?
Changes in thinking and reasoning abilities.
What is psychosocial development?
Changes in emotions, personality, and social relationships.
What is continuous development?
Gradual and ongoing changes throughout life.
What is discontinuous development?
Development that occurs in distinct stages.
What are Erikson’s stages of development?
Stage 1: Trust Vs Mistrust.
Stage 5: Identity Vs Confusion
Stage 6: Intimacy Vs Isolation
What are Piaget’s stages of development?
Preoperational (Age 2-6: Preoperational
Description: Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning)
Formal Operational (Age 12+: Formal Operational Description: Formal operations, utilize abstract reasoning)
What is egocentrism?
Inability to see things from another’s perspective.
What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?
Levels of moral development: Level 2 Stage 3 (Interpersonal: Behavior driven by social approval), Level 3 Stage 5 (Social contact: Behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights).
What are attachments?
Emotional bonds formed between individuals.
What are parenting styles?
Authoritative, Authoriatarian, and Permissive
(Also Neglectful but that shouldn’t be on the test)
What is hospice?
Care designed to provide comfort for those with terminal illnesses.
