Study Guide Flashcards
What is a First Order Differential Equation?
It contains only first derivatives and does not contain partial derivatives.
What is the formula for a Newton?
[FORCE] N = (kg*m)/s^2
What is the unit Pascal (Pa)?
[Pressure] Pa = N/m^2
What does PM10 represent?
PM10 = 10 µm = 10 microns
How many seconds are in an hour?
3600 seconds per hour
What does a T-test determine?
It determines if the differences between sample means are significant.
What is the NCEES Model Law?
It sets forth broad ideas about the regulation of engineering and surveying licensure.
When dissimilar metals are in contact which will become an anode?
The more electropositive one becomes the anode in a corrosion cell.
Example: Aluminum is more corrosive than copper.
Non-polar Covalent bond?
Non-polar Covalent (Covalent) bond is sharing of electrons
Polar Covalent bonds?
Polar covalent bond = sharing of electrons favoring the atom with greater electronegativity (Metalloids & non-metals).
What is Ionization energy?
It is the energy needed to remove an electron from a neighboring atom.
What is oxidation number?
It is the net charge.
Ionic Bonds?
Ionic bonds are when one atom donates electron to another (most polar) (Metals).
Trigonometry Quadrant I Values
(+x, +y). Everything is positive.
Trigonometry Quadrant II Values
(-x, +y). Only sin and csc positive.
Trigonometry Quadrant III Values
(-x, -y). Only tan and cot positive.
Trigonometry Quadrant IV Values
(+x, -y). Only cos and sec positive.
What is Ionization energy?
It is the energy needed to remove an electron from a neighboring atom.
What is the significance of the equilibrium constant K?
Indicates the extent to which a reaction will proceed. If K is a large number, it means that the equilibrium concentration of the products is large.
What is the condition for a floating object to be stable?
The center of buoyancy must be above the center of gravity.
What does Viscosity measure?
It is the ratio of sheer stress to the rate of shear deformation.
What is the Reynolds Number?
It is the ratio of internal to viscous forces.
What is the formula for static head?
Static Head = highest water level – lowest water level
What is the Carnot Engine assumption?
It means you can assume it is Isothermal. ΔT = 0
Are piezometer response times shorter in confined or unconfined aquifers?
Unconfined.
What is the formula for calculating M in lb/day?
M (lb/day) = C (mg/L) × Q (MGD) × 8.34 [lb-L/(mg-MG)]
What is Sparging?
It is the injection of air into groundwater to push volatile contaminants into the overlying soil.
How can dry sand be stacked?
Despite having no cohesion, dry sand can be stacked up almost vertically by stacking the sand with layers of geosynthetic geotextile.
Calculate Plasticity Index (PI)?
Plasticity Index (PI) = Liquid Limit (LL) – Plastic Limit (PL)
What is Eutrophication?
It is when a body of water grows too many nutrients, stimulated by plant nutrients N and P.
What is BOD?
Biochemical Oxygen Demand. The quantity of Dissolved Oxygen consuming bacteria present in the treated wastewater.
What determines hardness?
Presence of multivalent metal ions. Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg, Mn2+, Mg2+), Iron (Fe2+).
What are Trihalomethanes (THMs)?
They are a group of chemicals that form when chlorine or other disinfectants react with organic matter in water.
Media Filteration?
Removes suspended soils
Biologically active filtration?
reduces dissolved chemicals
UV/H2O2 Filtration
Degrades trace organics. UV radiation is used to inactivate pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
Surface Water Treatment steps
- Rapid Mix/Coagulation 2. Flocculation 3. Sedimentation
- Filtration 5. Disinfection
What is Coagulation?
The process of adding a positively charged material (e.g. Aluminum) to the water to neutralize the suspended solid particles so that they form clumps.
Flocculation
A slow mixing step to encourage the neutral particles to clump. Too fast and the particles will break apart again.
What is Turbidity?
Determines if water requires better filtration operation coupled with coagulation. Finer particles that cause turbidity must be coagulated into larger particles that can then be settled and filtered.
What does the Safe Drinking Water Act establish?
It sets MCLs (Maximum Contaminant Levels) for acceptable concentrations of contaminants in public drinking water supplies.
How do you remove volatile hydrocarbons from liquids?
Air Stripping
What can be used to recover VOCs (Volatile Organic Carbons)?
Carbon Adsorption.
Give examples of clean water act Pollutants.
BOD, fecal coliform bacteria, oil and grease, pH, and TSS
What is the membrane used in desalination?
Reverse Osmosis.
What goes into filtration in water treatment?
It involves straining, sedimentation, and adsorption (most important) to remove particles from water.
What is adsorption?
Gathering of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids onto the surface of another material. Coagulation takes advantage of the mechanism of adsorption when small floc particles are pulled together by van der Waal’s forces.
What do trickling filters do?
remove organic matter from wastewater
What causes air binding?
Excessive negative head
What is an obligate aerobic organism?
It requires oxygen for growth and utilizes it to metabolize sugars and fats for energy.
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
What are common indoor air pollutants from recent construction?
Formaldehyde, Xylenes, Toluene.
What are likely significant sources of Formaldehyde (common indoor air pollutant)?
Medium density fiber boards, particle boards, fiberglass products
What are likely significant sources of Carbon Monoxide (common indoor air pollutant)?
Gas ranges and ovens, wood burning fireplaces, and kerosene space heaters. Carbon Monoxide is a result of incomplete combustion.
What are likely significant sources of Radon (indoor air pollutant)?
naturally emitted decay product from geological formations.
Pollutants emitted from cigarette smoking:
carbon monoxide, particulate matter and formaldehyde.
What air pollutant do photocopy machines produce?
Ozone
Hydrocarbon combustion process with increased air to fuel ratio from stochiometric to slightly above stochiometric would increase what?
NOx. NOx’s contribute to smog, acid rain, and affect tropospheric ozone.
What is Joint and Several Liability?
It means any individual responsible party may be required to pay the entire cost of cleanup.
What regulates Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)?
Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA).
Facultative Bacteria can use _____as an electron acceptor?
Oxygen. If oxygen is not available, facultative bacteria can use other electron accepters such as nitrate or organic compounds.
What is Facultative Bacteria?
Bacteria that can survive either in aerobic or anaerobic environments.
A solid waste is considered hazardous under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) if it exhibits at least one of the following four characteristics:
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity
Purpose of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)?
an attempt to track hazardous waste from its generation point to its ultimate disposal point
Purpose of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)?
Created fund to pay for the cost of cleaning up abandoned/uncontrolled waste contaminated sites. EPA also given authority to hold parties responsible of those sites.
Purpose of Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA).
Requires manufacturers to report on-site quantities of hazardous materials and develop emergency response plan in case of an uncontrolled release
What does incineration do?
Removes Organics/Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs).
What must be considered when planning for a wind turbine?
Shadow flickering, bat collisions and noise pollution. It has no gas emissions.
What is the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 hierarchy?
It emphasizes the hierarchy: 1. Reduction, 2. Recycle, 3. Treat, 4. Dispose.
Purpose of clean Air Act?
Set Air quality and emission limitations, and standards for new stationary sources.
What is Bioventing?
It is an in situ treatment system used to enhance biological remediation of hazardous waste.
How to can you tell which elements are more stable on periodic table?
As you move toward the right side of the periodic table, the elements become more STABLE and therefore radii gets SMALLER.
Which particles have the highest penetrating power?
i. Alpha: sheet of paper, skin, etc. (lowest penetrating power)
ii. Beta: aluminum
iii. Gamma: lead (greatest penetrating power)
A pump-and-treat site remediation strategy directly affects:
contaminants in the macropores
What does it mean to be Anoxic?
It is the absence of free oxygen but presence of oxygen-containing compounds (bound oxygen) (e.g., NO3, Fe2O3, Mn2O2).
What is Fugitive partiulate matter?
Fugitive particulate matter is particulate matter that has not passed through a stack (such as a chimney, pipe, vent, or duct) before being released to the air. The
Examples of gas phase technologies?
Bioventing, incineration, soil vapor extraction, and wet scrubber
Examples of aquesous phase technologies?
Biosparging, coagulation, permeable reactive barrier, reverse osmosis
