Study guide Flashcards
- What defines a chronic illness?
A health condition that is
- persistent or long-lasting,
- more than three months.
- progressive effects over time require ongoing management and care.
List the ten major chronic conditions reported by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
Asthma
Back pain
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Diabetes
Chronic kidney disease
Mental health conditions
Osteoporosis
What percentage of Australians report having at least one chronic condition from the top ten prevalent conditions?
47% (or 1 in 2) Australians report having at least one chronic condition from the top ten prevalent conditions.
- Explain the difference between ‘disease’ and ‘illness.’
Disease- The pathophysiology of a condition, focusing on the biological and physiological aspects.
Illness- The human experience of a disease,
- How it is perceived, lived with, and responded to by individuals, families, and healthcare professionals.
Why is holistic and culturally sensitive care important in chronic illness management?
Chronic illness can affect all dimensions of a person’s life
—physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and environmental.
Ensures care is relevant to the individual’s unique circumstances and respects cultural values and beliefs.
What are the principles of chronic care? List at least four.
Equity: Fairness and absence of unjust differences in healthcare access among groups.
Collaborative partnerships: Building partnerships between providers, patients, and families for shared decision-making.
Access: Facilitating the opportunity to use appropriate services based on individual needs.
Person-centred care: Involving patients in their own medical treatment and ensuring care aligns with their preferences and needs.
Describe the role of nurses in chronic illness management.
Early identification of risk factors.
Supporting behavior modification.
Optimizing evidence-based care.
Facilitating self-management, enhancing quality of life and lasting change.
What are the principles of primary health care?
Access: Availability and affordability of healthcare services.
Equity: Fairness in healthcare provision based on individual circumstances.
Empowerment: Facilitating self-directed behavior change in patients.
Health literacy: Skills and knowledge to make informed health decisions.
Community participation: Involvement of communities in health decision-making.
Cultural sensitivity and safety: Respecting and adapting care to cultural differences.
Intersectoral collaboration: Cooperation across different sectors to address health determinants.
What are the outcomes associated with high health literacy? List at least three.
- Better adherence to treatments and medications
- Better at monitoring own health and safety
- Better understanding of instructions
- Higher levels of self-care and management
- Make informed health decisions and select appropriate treatments
- Improved quality of life
- Reduced health costs
- More likely to engage in preventative services
- Empowered to proactively participate in health decisions
- Live healthier lifestyles
What factors affect learning in the context of health education?
Education level
Economic circumstances
Language spoken
Attention and readiness to learn
Family and community support
Emotional factors (e.g., fears, insecurities)
Health condition (e.g., fatigue, discomfort)
Define self-management in the context of chronic illness.
The ability of individuals and support networks to taking an active role in managing their health conditions.
promote and maintain health, prevent disease, and cope with illness or disability.
What is empowerment, and how does it relate to self-management?
Facilitates self-directed behavior change by focusing on their strengths and abilities.
Builds capacity to get access to resources and make informed health decisions, thereby bettering their ability to self-manage their health.
- What is the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), and what are its five stages?
Describes the stages of change individuals go through to modify behavior. The five stages are:
Precontemplation: Not yet considering change.
Contemplation: Aware of the problem and thinking about change.
Preparation: Getting ready to change; taking small steps.
Action: Actively taking steps to change behavior.
Maintenance: Sustaining the behavior change and avoiding relapse.
- List three roles of nurses in fostering patient empowerment.
Facilitate learning and expert resources for patients.
Give patients have the knowledge and resources to make informed health decisions.
Provide ongoing self-management support and assist patients in overcoming barriers through education.
- What are the 5As of behavior change, and what does each step involve?
The 5As model is a structured framework for guiding behavior change:
Assess: Evaluate the patient’s readiness, willingness, and ability to change.
Advise: Provide clear, personalized advice about the need for behavior change.
Agree: Collaboratively set goals based on patient interest and confidence.
Assist: Offer support in developing a plan for change.
Arrange: Set up follow-up appointments to track progress.
- Explain the difference between comorbidity and multimorbidity.
Comorbidity: The presence of two or more chronic conditions in a person, where one condition is prioritized over others.
Multimorbidity: The presence of two or more unrelated chronic conditions without any condition holding priority over the others.
What is the burden of disease, and how is it measured?
Measures the impact of living with illness and injury and dying prematurely.
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), where one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to illness or death.
What are modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors? Provide examples of each.
Modifiable risk factors: Behaviors or characteristics individuals can change to reduce the risk of chronic illnesses. Examples include smoking, poor nutrition, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity.
Non-modifiable risk factors: Factors that cannot be changed or controlled, such as genetics, age, gender, and ethnicity.
What are social determinants of health (SDH)? List at least three examples.
Social determinants of health are non-medical factors influencing health outcomes. Examples include:
- Social gradient
- Stress
- Early life
- Social exclusion
- Work
- Unemployment
- Social support
- Addiction
- Food
- Transport
What is the OARS model used in motivational interviewing?
The OARS model is a communication technique that includes:
Open-ended questions: Engages patients in conversation.
Affirmations: Acknowledges the patient’s strengths and progress.
Reflective listening: Helps patients see their situation more clearly.
Summarizing: Confirms understanding and reinforces key points.
EFEP
Define motivational interviewing and its key stages.
A collaborative approach to encourage behavioral change, characterized by non-judgmental information sharing.
The key stages are:
Engaging: Building a trusting, collaborative relationship with the patient.
Focusing: Narrowing the conversation to the specific behavior the patient wants to change.
Evoking: Exploring the patient’s motivations for change.
Planning: Developing a concrete plan for change based on the patient’s readiness and commitment.
What are illness trajectories, and why are they important?
Illness trajectories describe the progression of chronic illness over time.
They help predict disease courses, allowing healthcare providers to tailor interventions, offer appropriate support, and communicate effectively with patients and their families about prognosis and care planning.
What are the four defining illness trajectories
- Sudden Death/Short Decline:
- Trajectory: Sudden and unexpected death occurs with little to no warning, often in individuals who appear healthy or have stable conditions.
- Organ Failure/Episodic Decline:
- Trajectory: Marked by periods of gradual decline punctuated by episodes of acute exacerbations, with partial recovery between episodes. Patients often experience an unpredictable decline in health over time, eventually leading to death. - Frailty or Progressive Decline:
- Trajectory: A slow, gradual decline in physical and cognitive function over a prolonged period, often seen in elderly patients or those with chronic degenerative diseases. This trajectory is marked by increasing disability and dependency. - Chronic illness with recovery:
- Trajectory: Individuals with a chronic condition may experience long periods of stability, with intermittent flare-ups or exacerbations that require treatment, followed by recovery or return to baseline function.
What is person-centred care?
Active engagment of patients in their medical treatment and planning, taking into account their goals, values, and preferences.
This collaborative approach ensures that care is tailored to the individual’s needs and circumstances.
Explain the concept of health inequities.
Health inequities are differences in health status or resources between different population groups arising from social conditions.
These inequities often lead to disparities in health outcomes and have significant social and economic costs.
What is illness behaviour?
Illness behaviour is any activity, undertaken by a person who feels ill, to define the state of his health and to discover a suitable remedy.
- Shifting of priorities over time
SAMDR
What are the 5 stages of illness behaviour?
- Symptoms experience.
- Assumption of the sick role.
- Medical care contact.
- Dependent client role.
- Recovery and rehabilitation
What can influence illnes behaviour?
Illness behaviour can be influenced by:
* individual personality
* family
* Educational factors
* Economic factors
* Psychological and Personal factors
* Social factors
Define Primary Healthcare
Cost-effective, Efficient, care approach to preventing and/or managing health risks, enhance quality of life and affect enduring change.
Primary health care uses person-centred care to address physical, mental, and social well-being.
