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Biology > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 2

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the scientific study of life?

A

Biology

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2
Q

What do biologists study?

A

life’s diversity and shared characteristics across living organisms

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3
Q

Life begins with

A

Atoms

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4
Q

Atoms are

A

The basic units of matter

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5
Q

Atoms combine to make

A

Molecules

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6
Q

Molecules exist within a

A

Cell

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7
Q

Plants are

A

Autotrophs (Producers)

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8
Q

Animals are

A

Hetertroph (Consumer)

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9
Q

Levels of biological organization

Start at atom

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. Cell
  4. Tissue
  5. Organ
  6. Organ System
  7. Organism
  8. Population
  9. Species
  10. Community
  11. Ecosystem
  12. Biosphere
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10
Q

The capacity to do work

A

Energy

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11
Q

Define Metabolism

A

All the chemicals reactions that happen in a cell

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12
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy?

A

The sun

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13
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A

Convert solar energy into chemical energy of nurtrient molecules

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

internal eviornment that acts within a set of physiological boundaries

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15
Q

How to living organism find energy/ nutrients?

A

Interacting with their surrondings.

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16
Q

What are genes?

A

Genetic instruction inherited from parents

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17
Q

Where are genes located?

A

Long molecules of DNA

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18
Q

What are mutations?

A

Change made in the DNA sequence.

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19
Q

Define Evolution

A

Pprocess in which populations change over time to adapt

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20
Q

The discipline of identifying and naming organisms according to certain rules

A

Taxonomy

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21
Q

Classification of organisms according to their presumed evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

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22
Q

Categories of Classification

Least to most inclusive

A
  1. Species
  2. Genus
  3. Family
  4. Order
  5. Class
  6. Phylum
  7. Kingdom
  8. Supergroup
  9. Domain
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23
Q

What domains do supergroup exist in?

A

Eukarya

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24
Q

What are the domains?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
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25
Q

What do the Archaea and Bacteria domain contain?

A

Prokaryotes

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26
Q

What is Binomial Name?

A

A two part scientific name that every living organism has

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27
Q

A formal way of watching the natural world

A

Observation

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28
Q

A possible explanation for a natural event

A

Hypothesis

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29
Q

A series of tests designed to test a specific hyptothesis

A

Experiment

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30
Q

A guess of how an experiment will go

A

Predicition

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30
Q

How a experiment will be tested

A

Experimental Design

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31
Q

What is another name for experimental variable?

A

Independent Variable

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31
Q

Variable where a factor has been changed

A

Independent variable/ experimental variable

32
Q

the value that is obtained as a result of changing the experimental variable.

A

Dependent Variable/ responding variable

32
Q

If I am given a placebo pill as part of an experiment what group am I in?

A

Control group

33
Q

What if the control group and test groups show the same results

A

the hypothesis predicting a change between them was wrong

34
Q

Model Systems

A

visuals and model organisms used to test a hypothesis

34
Q

What is another name for a Drosophila Melanogaster?

A

Fruit fly

35
Q

What is another name for Arabidopsis thaliana

A

Thale Cress (small mustard plant)

35
Q

What is another name for Caenorhabditis Elegans

A

Round Worm

36
Q

What is another name for mus musculus

A

Mouse

36
Q

Why are mice good model organism?

A

Because they reproduce fast

37
Q

Why are fruit flys good model organisms?

A

Because they reproduce fast and have short life spans so it’s easy to track evolution

38
Q

What are the results of an experiment?

A

Data

39
Q

Scientists analyze data to reach a

A

Conclusion

40
Q

Scientic Theories

A

accepted explanations for how a thing works

40
Q

Experiments and observations must be

A

Repeatable

41
Q

What is a principal?

A

A theory that is highly accepted by scientists.

41
Q

What is another word for principle?

A

Law

42
Q

What is technology?

A

the application of scientific knowledge to the interests of humans.

42
Q

What is climate change?

A

The changes in the normal cycles of the Earth’s climate that human activity may be to blame for.

43
Q

What is global warming?

A

The rising temeperate of the planet.

43
Q

Extinction

A

The death of a species or larger classification category

44
Q

What is Biodiversity

A

The number and relatiive abudance of a specices, their genes, and the different kind of places they live.

45
Q

What is Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

46
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary cheminal means.

47
Q

Automic theory

A

elements consist of tiny particles called atoms

47
Q

What four elements make up 96% of the body weight of most organisms

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

47
Q

Automic symbol

A

The name of the element respected by 1 or 2 letters

47
Q

Neurons have what kind of charge

A

No electrical charge

48
Q

Electrons are assumed to weigh what in most calculations?

A

zero

48
Q

Protons have what kind of charge?

A

Positive charge

48
Q

Electrons have what kind of charge?

A

Negative charge

48
Q

Mass number is ______ + ______

A

protons and nuerons

49
Q

All atoms of an elements have the same number of protons. What is it’s name?

A

Atomic Number

50
Q

Atomic Mass

A

the average mass number for these atoms

51
Q

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons are called what?

A

Isotopes

52
Q

Electron Shells

A

Average location, or energy level, of an electron in an atom

52
Q

Electron shell happy numbers

A

2, 8, 6

53
Q

If an atom’s outer shell has 8 electrons it’s the most stable. What is this rule called?

A

Octet Rule

53
Q

Atom’s outer shell

A

Valence shell

54
Q

What causes a ionic bond to form?

A

when two atoms are held together by the attraction between opposite charges

55
Q

What is a compound molecule?

A

A molecule that contains atoms of more than one element

56
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When two atoms share electrons in order to have a completed outer shell

56
Q

what are products?

A

Molecules formed by a reaction

57
Q

What are reactants

A

Molecules that participate in a reaction

58
Q

Define Electronegativity

A

an atom’s affinity for electrons in a covalent bond.

59
Q

An unequal sharing of electrons causes a bond to become what

A

polar

60
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak chemical bond between a slightly positive hydrogen atom on one molecule and a slightly negative atom on another molecule

61
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Attracted to water

62
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Repelled from water

63
Q
A

Biology (2 decks)

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