Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
What is Frequency (count)?
A
Every time behavior occurs, you mark it
2
Q
What is Rate?
A
Behavior occurs per time, useful if sessions vary in time
3
Q
What is Duration?
A
Total extent of time in which a behavior occurs, must have obvious beginning and end
4
Q
latency
A
How long it takes a child to follow an instruction (more generally, time from onset of stimulus to the initiation of a response)
5
Q
What is inter-respone time (IRT)?
A
Time between two successive responses e.g. sips of juice, bites of food
6
Q
Whole Interval
A
Did the behavior occur during the whole interval? Used to increase a behavior
7
Q
Partial Interval
A
Did the behavior occur at all during interval? Used to decrease a behavior
8
Q
Momentary time sampling
A
Measure behavior occurring at specific point in time, useful when observing multiple subjects at the same time
9
Q
What is a Permanent product?
A
Measuring the effects of a behavior after it occurred. It leaves a permanent product. You can physically see it, like holes in the wall they punch the wall or a completed homework assignment
10
Q
What do you do for Daily Data Collection?
A
Collect discrete trial data on a discrete trial data sheet and put data on a summary graph
11
Q
What do you do for Monthly data collection?
A
Place data on data per month data sheet
12
Q
Operational definition
A
Define a behavior in observable terms and as specific as possible. That way if two different therapists use your definition, they will measure the same amount of instances. You know you have a good definition if two people have a very similar amount of instances recorded while they measure independently, this is called interobserver agreement (IOA)
13
Q
What are Preference assessments?
A
Are done to find objects and activities for which the learner has a higher preference. These shift over time and can vary by setting so preference assessments should be done regularly
14
Q
What are Reinforcers?
A
Presented after a behavior which makes that behavior more likely in the future
15
Q
Do preference assessments identify reinforcers?
A
No, they give you an idea of what can possibly work as a reinforcer but it is not considered a reinforcer until after it has been shown to make the behavior more likely
16
Q
What are the 3 ways to do a preference assessment?
A
- Asking
- Free operant
- Trial Based
17
Q
How do you ASK for a preference assessment?
A
Ask the person or significant others to name things they prefer or giving them a survey to rank in order of preference
18
Q
What is FREE OPERANT for a preference assessment?
A
They are free to do whatever they want, you just observe and measure how much time a learner engages with an item and which times they engage with.
19
Q
When is FREE OPERANT best to use?
A
- Good in situations where removing items causes problem behaviors
- If they are not able to communicate a preference when given a choice
- if you are assessing for reinforcers you cannot hold in your hand
20
Q
What are the 2 ways to do FREE OPERANT?
A
- Naturalistic: where you let them roam free in their natural environment
- Contrived: Plant different items within view and easy access to learner and measure how much time they engage
21
Q
What is TRIAL BASED for preference assessments?
A
Present stimuli in trials
22
Q
What are Stimuli?
A
anything you can experience with your senses
23
Q
What are the 3 different ways to present the stimuli in trials for a preferrence assessment?
A
- Single stimulus (successive choice)
- Paired Stimuli (forced choice)
- Multiple stimuli w/wo replacement
24
Q
What is single stimulus?
A
One by one, good for when they have difficulty choosing between two or more objects and seeing if they approach or reject. You should present each stimulus multiple times and in a different order
25
What is paired stimuli?
2 at a time and having them choose. Each stimulus has to be presented with all other stimuli in the set and then you can rank in order of preference. This takes more time than single stimulus but is more accurate in finding higher preferred items
26
What is multiple stimuli with replacement?
Replaces unwanted items and keeps the same amount in the array
27
What is multiple stimuli without replacement?
You remove the chosen item, then rearrange the remaining items
28
What is a reinforcer assessment and when do you use it?
After the preference assessment and it takes the preferred stimuli and presents them after desired behavior to see how effective and strong a reinforcer is
29
What are Assessments?
The process gathering info. They can be used to determine preferences, assess skills in repertoire and to measure progress over time
30
What are RBT's role during an assessment?
1. The assist the BCBA or BCaBA with the assessment by helping collect data
2. Conducting the assessment alongside their supervisor
3. Trialing new tasks (probing)
4. Communicating progress made during sessions to their supervisor
31
Do RBTs do assessments on their own?
No, this is the job of the BCBA or BCaBA on the case whose responsibility it is to choose the assessment tool, when to use it and conduct the bulk of the assessment
32
What are the 4 functions of behavior?
1. attention/social positive
2. tangible
3. escape/avoidance
4. automatic
33
What is Attention/social positive maintained by?
Maintained by attention of any type
34
What is Tangible maintained by?
Maintained by getting objects like toys or food. Think of things you can tangibly hold
35
What is Escape/avoidance maintained by?
Maintained by escaping or avoiding a situation
36
What does Automatic maintain?
Maintained by sensory. Automatic positive would be adding a pleasurable sensation. Automatic negative would be removing an aversive sensation
37
What are 3 types of functional behavior assessments?
1. Indirect assessment
2. Direct/descriptive assessment
3. Functional/experimental analysis
38
What is an indirect assessment?
interviewing or giving questionnaires to individuals familiar with the learner
39
What is a direct/descriptive assessment?
observing behavior in the natural environment and not manipulating
40
What is a functional/experimental analysis?
manipulating environment by arranging antecedents and consequences to determine function
41
What should you do when you find out the function of the problem behavior?
Find a more acceptable alternative behavior which serves the same function as the problem behavior
42
What are the 4 essential components of a written skills acquisition plan?
1. Choose skill to target (must be socially significant)
2. Describe skill and what proficiency/mastery of skill looks like
3. Choose data collection procedures (including what materials are needed, what type of prompts, how you will reinforcer and the plan for maintenance)
4. Take baseline data (data before intervention is implemented with no consequences to see where they stand currently)
43
What is reinforcement?
an stimulus presented after a behavior that increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future
44
When should you present the reinforcer?
Immediately after the behavior
45
What is a unconditioned/primary reinforcer?
Reinforcers that do not need to be learned, these are those primal, inherent forms of reinforcement like food, water and sex
46
What are conditioned/secondary reinforcers?
Reinforcers that must be learned. They start as a neutral stimulus that does not affect behavior and gets associated with an established reinforcer
47
What are the 2 types of reinforcement schedules?
1. Continuous
2. intermittent
48
What is continuous reinforcement?
When you reinforce after every instance of behavior, good when first teaching a behavior but in the real world you don't get reinforced after each instance of behavior
49
What are the 4 types of intermittent reinforcement?
1. Fixed Ratio (FR)
2. Variable Ratio (VR)
3. Fixed Interval (FI)
4. Variable Interval (VI)
50
What is Fixed Ratio (FR)?
You reinforce every fixed amount of responses. So an FR3 you provide reinforcement every 3 responses
51
What is Variable Ratio(VR)?
Like FR expect it's an average of how many responses are needed to get reinforcement. So a VR3 would be if they get reinforced after 3 responses, then 2, then 4 because the average is 3. It is least prone to extinction
52
What is Fixed Interval (FI)?
When a fixed amount of time must pass before the reinforcer is available again. FI2 they would wait 2 minutes after receiving reinforcement before the behavior will allow reinforcement to be available again
53
What is Variable Interval (VI)?
Like FI expect it's an average of how much time needs to pass before reinforcement is available again
54
What is discrete trial training/teaching (DTT)?
A subset of ABA that breaks down skills into smaller or "discrete" steps. It is very structed and usually done at the table
55
What is a trial in DTT?
Present discriminative stimulus (SD) then if the correct response occurs and you reinforce and if an incorrect response occurs and you prompt the correct response. And then you go on to the next trail
56
What is Mass Trial (MT)?
When you present the same instruction over and over again.
57
When should Mass Trial (MT) be used?
Mass trials should only be reserved for children that need the extra help and only when teaching skills that will increase their independence like language or self-help skills.
58
What is Distractor Trial?
Has the same SD/instruction each trial with "unknown" distractors
59
What is Mixed Trials?
Opposite of mass trials, it's when you ask the learner something different in every trial, this is important so that the learner can learn to discriminate between the different SDs
60
What is Random Rotation?
Similar to distractor trail expect they have already mastered the distractors so you can switch up the SDs and ask them about any of the flashcards on the table.
61
What is maintenace?
Once a learner has mastered a skill to maintain the skill you test it out from time to time to make sure they retained it
62
What does it mean when a skill is generalized?
They can be used in a different setting, time or with different people
63
What is Naturalistic Teaching/Natural Environment Training (NET)?
When you teach in the learner's natural environment. Things learned during DTT should be generalized using NET. NET also allows opportunities to spontaneously learn new skills
64
What is chaining used for?
Used for teaching a complex task with many steps.
65
What is task analysis?
Where you break down the skill into smaller more manageable chunks or steps
66
What are the 3 types of chaining procedures?
1. Forward Chaining
2. Backward Chaining
3. Total Task Chaining
67
What is forward chaining?
You go in order, teaching the 1st task first then 2nd, then 3rd and you keep going until all the steps are taught
68
What is backward chaining?
you go backwards, teaching the last step first, then 2nd to last and so on
69
What is total task chaining?
you teach the whole task at once and prompt along the way if they need help
70
What is discrimination training used for?
Teaching how to differentiate how to behave between different stimuli
71
How is discrimination training done?
By reinforcing a behavior when presenting one stimulus and not reinforcing when presenting another stimulus. Discrimination training should be taught by only changing the characteristic which you wish to discriminate
72
What is stimulus control?
When a behavior occurs more often with one stimulus rather than another stimulus
73
What is a prompt?
Help or hints given to a learner when teaching a behavior
74
Why are prompt fading procedures used?
To transfer stimulus control from a prompted stimulus to the stimulus alone presented in session to a stimulus in the learner's natural environment
75
What is fading?
Fading the prompts to even less intrusive prompts until prompts are not needed
76
List the prompts from most intrusive to least intrusive
1. Full Physical
2. Partial Physical
3. Model
4. Visual/Positional/Material
5. Gestural
6. Verbal
77
What is generalization?
Engaging in a skill or behavior in different setting, time or with different people
78
What is maintenace?
When a learner continues to perform mastered skills that were learned previously
79
What is shaping?
Reinforcing closer approximations to a behavior
80
What are the 3 characteristics of token economies?
1. Having target behaviors
2. Earning tokens or points with the behavior
3. Redeem tokens for a backup reinforcer
81
What are the components of a behavior reduction plan?
1. Operational definition
2. Goal
3. Function of behavior
4. Replacement behaviors
5. Antecedent/Consequence interventions
6. Data collection
82
What are antecedents?
They are what are present before a behavior occurs
83
What are motivating operations (MO)?
An environmental and/or biological event that temporarily alter the value of a specific reinforcer and increases/decreases the probability of behavior yielding that reinforcer
84
What is an establishing operation (EO)?
An environmental and/or biological event that temporarily increases the value of a specific reinforcer and increases the probability of behavior yielding that reinforcer
85
What is an abolishing operation (AO)?
An environmental and/or biological event that temporarily decreases the value of a specific reinforcer and decreases the probability of behavior yielding that reinforcer
86
What is differential reinforcement (DR)?
Reinforcing a desired behavior while withholding reinforcement for an undesirable behavior also known as extinction
87
What is differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)?
Reinforce behaviors serve the same function as the problem behavior and that cannot physically happen at the same time as the problem behavior
88
What is differential reinforcement of Alternative behavior (DRA)?
Reinforce behaviors that serve the same function as the problem behavior but the behavior does not prevent the child from engaging in the problem behavior
89
What is differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)?
Set timer, if the problem behavior does not occur during, then reinforce
90
What is differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)?
Used for behaviors you do not want to eliminate completely. Set timer, if rate is lower, then reinforce
91
What is Extinction?
Used to decrease a problem behavior by stopping reinforcement of previously reinforced behavior
92
What is an extinction burst?
Happens shortly after implementing extinction, it temporarily increases frequency and intensity of the problem behavior. It is important to continue extinction procedures during this time
93
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
Seen after a behavior has disappeared after an extinction procedure, the problem behavior reappears briefly
94
What are steps you can take to prevent or minimize harm to yourself and the learner?
- Tying your hair up
- maintaining a safe distance
- wearing protective clothing
- restraints are a LAST resort measure and only used in a dangerous situation
95
What should you do if there were any injuries during the session or if restraints were used for any reason?
You must file an incident report
96
Who are responsible for the services provide and held liable if something goes wrong?
The BCBA or BCaBA supervising you
97
What is the minimum supervision required for an RBT
twice a month (5% of the hours that you provide ABA therapy)
98
When should you seek direction from supervisor?
- you are unsure how to run any part of the session
- you have difficulty understanding a concept in ABA
- you have any questions regarding the session or your client
99
What are some variables you should report to your supervisor?
- change in client medication
- household/location changes
- any sickness with client or family
- death in the family
- any significant changes to the client's normal routine
100
What does the S in SOAP notes stand for?
Subjective - what the parent, guardian or client reports
101
What does the O in SOAP notes stand for?
Objective - this is observable and measurable
102
What does the A in SOAP notes stand for?
Assessment - how the session went and anything that was changed during the session
103
What does the P stand for in SOAP notes?
Plan - plan for session, usually if there is a change in the plan your supervisor will let you know and you write that here
104
How long should data that is gathered be kept for?
A minimum of 7 years
105
How should data be stored?
- In a safe that can be locked
- when transporting in your car, data must be in a locked box in your trunk
- digital data must be passcode protected
- data that is emailed must be HIPAA compliant and encrypted
106
What do you do if data is accidentally leaked?
report it to your supervisor
107
What is your responsibility for supervision as a RBT?
- tracking the hours you work
- tracking the hours you are supervised
- requesting supervision when needed
108
What does it mean to be a mandated reporter?
If you suspect or see any form of abuse or neglect you MUST report it
109
Who are stakeholders?
Anyone who interacts with the learner on a regular basis, this includes caregivers, family or professionals like other therapists or teachers
110
How should you prepare for data collection?
- look over data sheets to see what you are targeting this sessions
- know how to run procedures
- have materials ready to go
