Study Guide Flashcards
Mary McLeod Bethune
Ran the NAACP
What factor contributed to the growth of union membership in the 1930s?
Workers’ militancy and the tactical skills of a new generation of leaders
Which of the following offers the best description of the First New Deal?
It was essentially a set of policy experiments that had mixed results
According to John Steinbeck’s “Harvest Gypsies”, how were the migrant farm workers of the Great Depression different from those in earlier time periods?
Many of the migrants of the Great Depression had owned land
What statement is true of the Federal Housing Administration?
The FHA insured long-term mortgages issued by private banks
The first thing that Roosevelt attended to as president was the ______ crisis
Banking
Which phrase best describes Eleanor Roosevelt’s tenure as First Lady?
She redefined the role of First Lady
Who was Charles E. Coughlin
He was a “radio priest” who criticized Wall Street Bankers
Despite the efforts of the bank holiday, by 1936 banks were still failing in America (T/F)
False
The Popular Front
Was a political and cultural movement associated with the Communist Party
Why was the Glass-Steagall Act a key piece of legislation?
It banned commercial banks from involvement in in buying and selling stocks, and it set up the FDIC
Which of the following Second New Deal measured came closest to meeting the demands of Congress of Industrial Organizations for workplace democracy?
The Wagner Act
The Civilian Conservation Corps
Gave work to unemployed young men in jobs having to do with the environment
Which of the following statements explains why the phrase “labor’s great upheaval” accurately describes some of the events of 1934?
There were at least 2,000 strikes that year, many producing violent confrontations with the police
The Share Our Wealth movement
Wanted to confiscate the wealth of the richest Americans
Which of the following statements best describes Roosevelt’s group of advisors known as the “Brains Trust”?
The “brains trust” believed that large corporations needed to be directed by the government
How did the Supreme Court justices react to New Deal laws?
They invalidated key initiatives, and conservative judges continued to understand freedom as liberty of contract
The New Deal housing policy
Was created to protect current home owners and provide incentives for new homeowners
By 1935, Huey Long and Francis Townsend had made which of the following approaches to economic recovery less politically attractive for New Dealers?
Efforts at general business recovery
The 1930s witnessed
Ethnic pluralism
Roosevelt’s campaign call to repeal Prohibition
Distinguished him from President Hoover
Why did stigma emerge around public assistance during the New Deal years?
Black workers were relegated to the least generous assistance programs, with discriminatory eligibility standards administered by the states
How did the Popular Front influence American society?
It challenged the status quo in society
Which of the following describes the New Deal most accurately?
It was a political program that integrated the notion of economic security into the definition of American freedom
Which statement about the Social Security Act is correct?
It created a system of unemployment insurance
What helped spark the Second New Deal?
Calls for direct payments and guaranteed income for American citizens
What did the pushback against free expression include?
The passing of the Smith Act and the House Un-American Activities Committee
The Smith Act made it a federal crime to teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow of the government (T/F)
True
How did Roosevelt’s opponents characterize liberty?
Liberty meant freedom from powerful government
What type of image grew in popularity among painters and writers during the 1930s?
Ordinary people leading their ordinary lives
The Rural Electrification Administration proved to be one of the New Deal’s most successful programs, writing 90 percent of the nation’s farms by 1950 (T/F)
True
What did the election of Roosevelt mean to many American industrial workers?
Hope for an end to the miniature dictatorships of factory managers and owners
After the Court-packing attempt, how did the change in the jurisprudence of the US Supreme Court affect American life?
The new political climate in the US Supreme Court meant that a federal child labor ban could stand constitutional muster
Harold Ickes directed which of the following?
Public Works Administration
The National Industrial Recovery Act
Established business codes for several industries
Which of the following had been a traditional belief prior to the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes?
Balanced budgets were sacred
The Agricultural Adjustment Act
Was intended to raise farm prices
Assess the results of the Rural Electrification Agency
Farms not only gained electricity, but also radios, refrigerators, and mechanical equipment to milk cows
Which of the following best describes the Works Progress Administration?
It put 3 million Americans to work every year until 1943
Roosevelt launched the Second New Deal because of the success of his initial policies to pull the country out of the Depression and because of the rising conservative opposition against him (T/F)
False
According to Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, how could corporations have prevented the Great Depression?
By giving workers more purchasing power
How did President Franklin D. Roosevelt describe the notion of a “liberty of contract”?
He denounced it was a service to the interest of “the privileged few”
What caused the Dust Bowl?
Soil erosion
Which two New Deal programs did the Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?
Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Recovery Administration
The slogan “Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work” referred to this economic struggle of
Blacks in Harlem, who demanded work at white-owned businesses
The right of labor to unionize was one of the central concerns of the Popular Front (T/F)
True
Social Security excluded, at first, unmarried women and non-whites (T/F)
True
In the president election of 1936
The so-called New Deal Coalition reelected FDR in a landslide
What was the focus of the Second New Deal?
Sustaining mass purchasing power among the population
The Social Security Act of 1935
Was inspired by earlier maternalist reform demands and similar programs in Europe
As a US Senator, what did Barack Obama oppose?
The Iraq War
According to Khizr Khan, if Donald Trump could have decided the fate of his family, they would never have become American (T/F)
True
How did some Americans view the public health measures taken to deal with the Covid-19 virus?
As an infringement on individual liberty
How did the Covid-19 pandemic affect minority communities in the United States
Minorities were disproportionately impacted because of poverty and inconsistent access to health care
What did the decision of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission do?
Allowed corporations to make political contributions
What was March for Our Lives?
A protest organized by high school students to demand gun control
Lawrence v. Texas upheld that sexual acts between persons of the same gender were not a criminal act (T/F)
True
Which of the following statements describes the Black Lives Matter movement?
Members demanded that police practices be changed and officers using excessive force be held accountable
Illegal immigrants coming to the United States raised wages at the bottom of the economic ladder but failed to spend money and pay taxes (T/F)
False
Religion and nationalism reinforce one another more powerfully in the United States than in the more secular nations of western Europe (T/F)
True
Which of the following was a liability for President Obama as he entered his reelection campaign of 2012?
Voters were fed up with both the president and Congress because of the partisanship and legislative gridlock in Washington
What did congressional Republicans denounce as a “government takeover” in March 2010?
A sweeping health care bill that required all Americans to purchase health insurance
Which of the following contributed to the banking crisis of 2008?
Public and private policies favored economic speculation and get-rich-quick schemes
The Hurricane Katrina disaster highlighted which of the following to Americans in 2005?
That poverty continued to be an unresolved issue
According to the textbook what was a key component of the dominant definition of freedom in the twenty-first century?
The ability to fulfill potential unrestricted by authority
What is one key factor that explains the unprecedented amount of money that was spent on the presidential and congressional elections of 2012?
In 2010, the Supreme Court removed restrictions on corporate political donations
In his second inaugural address, President Bush outlined a new American goal to
End tyranny in the world
What allowed Donald Trump to be chosen as the Republican presidential candidate?
Other candidates within the party believed he had no chance at winning the nomination
In a Supreme Court decision in 2003, the right to use affirmative action in college admissions was
Reaffirmed
There are more guns in the United States than there are people (T/F)
True
Which of the following statements is true about Senator Bernie Sanders?
He restored the word “socialism” to the political vocabulary
What was former National Security Agency employee Edward Snowden charged with?
Violating the Espionage Act
What did President George W. Bush’s frequent references to freedom and liberty in his second inaugural address indicate?
He was less likely to “impose” democracy on foreign countries
Which, according to Trump, were the issues of most concern to voters?
Globalization and immigration
According to Justice Kennedy in the Obergefell v. Hodges decision, where can new ideas about freedom arise?
Pleas of protest
What was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Lawrence v. Texas?
A Texas law criminalizing sexual acts between persons of the same gender
The 2008 financial crisis was linked to subprime mortgages (T/F)
True
Why did Goldman Sachs have to pay a fine of half a billion dollars in 2010?
It had knowingly sold toxic mortgage-based securities and then bet on their failure
Trump’s victory signified that the contested issue of who is entitled to full freedom and equality in America remained unsolved (T/F)
True
The Affordable Care Act prevented insurance companies from denying coverages to people with existing illnesses (T/F)
True
What actions taken by the Trump Administration exacerbated the Covid-19 pandemic in the United States?
It dismantled a global public health task force designed to prepare for future pandemics
What did the impeachment of Donald Trump reveal?
The deep polarization of the nation and Trump’s powerful grip on the Republican Party
How did federal courts react to Trump’s ban on travel to the United States from Muslim-majority countries?
They declared it unconstitutional because it violated religious freedom
President Bush’s approval rating never fell below 35 percent (T/F)
False
On what grounds did Khizr Khan, a Pakistani immigrant whose son died in the Iraq War, confront Trump?
Trump disrespected minorities
The borderlands of the Southwest
Emerged as an area of renewed anxiety for some Americans in the wake of the September 11 attacks
Which of the following did Barack Obama and Donald Trump’s presidential campaigns have in common?
Both appealed to the voters’ feeling that the country was moving in the wrong direction
What are “subprime” mortgages?
Risky loans made to home buyers who could not meet their monthly payments
Who is Sonia Sotomayor?
The first Hispanic to be appointed to the Supreme Court
Which of the following shows how Trump felt about environmental issues?
He withdrew the United States from the Paris Agreement on climate change
Bush’s popularity slid significantly because of the Iraq War and the widespread sense that Americans were not benefiting from economic growth (T/F)
True
What was the result of the 2010 midterm elections?
Political gridlock, which made it difficult for President Obama to pass significant legislation
In 2020, how many nations had American troops deployed within their borders?
150
Most economists agree that undocumented immigrants
Push down wages at the bottom of the economic ladder
In 2020, how many people in the United States were murdered with handguns?
More than 8,000
Why did Joe Biden win the Democratic nomination for president in 2020?
He favored more moderate policies
Which of the following statements is true about vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin?
She was extremely popular with the Republican Party’s conservative base
Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry served in the first Gulf War (T/F)
False
In the 2016 election, more citizens voted for Donald Trump than for Hillary Clinton (T/F)
False
How did Obama appeal to many voters, especially young people, during his presidential campaign?
By promising change
The National Resources Planning Board’s postwar goals were
Economic security and full employment
During World War II, how did Mahatma Gandhi, the Indian leader, characterize the United States and Great Britain?
As hypocritical
Under the bracero program
Mexicans immigrated without the right of citizenship
According to Gunnar Myrdal in Am American Dilemma, America’s dilemma was a conflict between
American values and American racial policies
Members of the America First Committee were more concerned about which issue than they were about Nazi Germany?
Government regulation ending free enterprise
The Second Great Migration
Refers to the southern Blacks riding “liberty trains” to find employment in the North and West
Why did Executive Order 9066 not apply to persons of Japanese descent living in Hawaii?
Since nearly 40 percent of the population was of Japanese descent, the evacuation order would have been impractical
Which of the following is true of the Yalta conference in 1945?
Stalin agreed to allow free and unfettered elections in postwar Poland
What was the goal of the policy of appeasement?
To avoid another conflict like World War I
Which statement about the Pearl Harbor attack is true?
It was a surprise attack by the Japanese
After the opening up of a second front with the success of the Normandy invasion on D-Day, British and American troops inflicted devastating damage upon the Germans, resulting in an immediate German surrender and end to the war (T/F)
False
To Roosevelt, the Four Freedoms expressed deeply held American values worthy of being spread worldwide (T/F)
True
The “zoot suit” riots of 1943
Highlighted the limits of racial tolerance during World War II
Who was Carlos Bulosan?
A Filipino poet who wrote about Americans outside of the mainstream
What happened to most female war workers after the war?
They lost their jobs, especially those in better-paying ones
How did the Allied campaign in Italy lay the groundwork for the invasion of France on D-day?
The defeat of Mussolini’s regime forced Hitler to redirect valuable German troops to occupy Italy
Growth in the South and West during World War II was sparked by
Military industrial growth
How did Justice Robert Jackson compare a military order to a court decision in the case of Korematsu v. United States?
He argued that a judicial decision lasts longer than a military order and decides the extent of the Constitution
Organized labor assisted in the war effort by
Not going on strikes
Which statement best describes one outcome of World War II?
Allied victory saved other people from suffering the fate of European Jews
The “zoot suit” riots were between the police of Detroit and the black workers of the city (T/F)
False
Where did the turning point of World War II in the European Eastern Theater occur?
Stalingrad
Which of the following occurred at the Potsdam conference?
The West recognized that Eastern Europe would become a Soviet sphere of influence
The Good Neighbor Policy was extended primarily toward Canada to lend support to its efforts to aid Britain against German aggression (T/F)
False
Which of the following events are in the correct order?
Munich Agreement, Battle of Britain, Pearl Harbor, D-Day, Hiroshima
When war broke out in Europe in 1939, the Soviet Union stood virtually alone in fighting Germany (T/F)
False
During wartime, Asian Americans
Had different experiences depending on whether or not they were of Japanese origin
Which statement best describes Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill?
They each represented very different societies
In the case of Korematsu v. United Sates (1944), Robert Jackson wrote a dissent arguing that
Guilt is personal and not inheritable
What taste of freedom did women enjoy in World War II?
The possibility of doing men’s jobs and receiving men’s wages
Black internationalism during World War II?
Connected the plight of black Americans to that of people of color worldwide
How did wartime experiences change Mexican-American life?
The contrast between the wartime rhetoric of pluralism and the reality of discrimination brought a heightened consciousness of civil rights to Mexican Americans
During World War II, African Americans
Served in the military in segregated units
In the United States during World War II
Unemployment declined and income taxes increased
What did Henry Luce and Henry Wallace have in common?
They both put forth a new conception of America’s role in the world based in part on internationalism and on the idea that the American experience should serve as a model for all other nations
How did World War II impact life and commerce in the South?
The war hastened a shift from agricultural to industrial employment in the region
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Asian-American experience during World War II?
Executive Order 9066 fully integrated Asian-Americans into U.S. Army units serving overseas
Who did the Breton Woods conference position as the world’s financial leader after World War II?
The United States
How did the struggle against Nazi tyranny discredit racial inequality in the United States?
The contradictions between the principle and practice of freedom in the actual status of African-Americans came to the forefront during the war
President Roosevelt refused to negotiate with undemocratic Latin American leaders (T/F)
False
The Bretton Woods meeting established a new international economic system (T/F)
True
What led England and France to declare was on Germany, marking the start of World War II?
Germany invaded Poland, a country Britain and France had promised to protect
The largest surrender in American military history occurred in Normandy (T/F)
False
What did publisher Henry Luce say would lead to a world of “the abundant life” in his blueprint for postwar prosperity, The American Century?
Free enterprise
Why did so many American workers walk out of their jobs between 1943 and 1944?
They were protesting the increasing speed of the assembly line and frozen wages
Which of the following statements is true of African-American experiences during World War II?
When World War II began, the Air Force and marines had zero black numbers
How did the role of the national government change during the war?
It grew and created several federal agencies to regulate the war effort
Korematsu was
An American citizen
According to the book An American Dilemma, written by Gunnar Myrdal, who should take the lead in ending racial discrimination?
The federal government
In 1940, the “cash and carry” plan
Allowed Great Britain to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis
The Internet
Expanded the flow of information more radically than any invention since the printing press
Following the Gulf War of 1991, what increased Osama bin Laden’s anger at the United States?
The United States showed support for Israel
Which of the following is true about the political affiliation of most Latino immigrants
Most voted democratic
The 2000 presidential race between George W. Bush and Al Gore was
Finally decided by the Supreme Court
What statement below best summarizes the difference between the impeachments of Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton?
Andrew Johnson’s impeachment concerned matters of Reconstruction and the rights of formerly enslaved people, but Bill Clinton’s concerned what many deemed a juvenile escapade
What made the U.S. Supreme Court case of Bush v. Gore in 2000 so unusual?
It was not meant to be a precedent and only applied to a single case
Which one of President Clinton’s decisions was met with protests from most Democrats?
Abolishing welfare
Investors in the 1990s were deeply skeptical of the new “dot coms,” companies that did not seem to actually produce anything (T/F)
False
How did revelations about the U.S. military prison in Abu Ghraib, Iraq change the position of the United States in the World?
The incident undermined the reputation of the United States as a nation that adhered to accepted standards of behavior and rule of law
What were the student protesters who occupied Tiananmen Square in Beijing in June 1989 demanding?
Democracy
Bill Clinton’s low popularity rates during the impeachment controversy showed that traditional attitudes towards sex had not changed? (T/F)
False
What was the impact of the creation of Indian Casinos?
Most individual Indians did not benefit from casinos and remained poor
The third-party candidate Ross Perot
Showed there was great dissatisfaction with the major parties
In the song “La Jaula de oro,” how are the children of Mexican immigrants portrayed?
As Americanized
Why did militia groups arise in America during the 1990s?
To defend themselves against what they believed was oppressive federal authority
Despite the growth of Native American organizations and casinos, the Native American population remains stagnant according to the Census Bureau (T/F)
False
“Dot coms”
Were high-tech companies that attracted many investors in the 1990s
How did life for Blacks begin to dramatically change at the turn of the twenty-first century?
Black worked in unprecedented numbers alongside whites in corporate boardrooms, offices, and factories
What was the Contract with America?
A 1994 Republican plan to steeply cut taxes and environmental programs
What was one demand of the demonstrators in the “Battle of Seattle”?
International standards for working conditions
Which statement is true of Asian Americans during the 1990s?
Their communities emphasized education
George H. W. Bush declared drugs a major international threat when he sent troops to Panama and installed a new government there (T/F)
True
Which of the Bush administration’s policies was found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court?
Suspending the rights of prisoners and detainees
Who was the special counsel investigating the scandals of Bill Clinton?
Kenneth Starr
After the September 11 attacks, Americans experienced a new feeling of common social purpose (T/F)
True
The first Gulf War in 1991 resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the installation of a democratic government in Iraq (T/F)
False
The financial sector of the economy accounted for what percentage of total profits in the year 2000?
40 percent
In the 1999 “Declaration for Global Democracy,” who was blamed for worldwide economic problems?
Corporate interests
Globalization
Was symbolized by corporations such as Microsoft and organizations like the WTO
Why did the group ACT UP demonstrate in New York?
To protest the Catholic Church’s prejudice against gays
Operation Desert Storm
Forced the Iraqi army out of Kuwait
Which of the following is FALSE about the Rodney King case?
He had a handgun and was threatening to shoot the police officers
Most of the world supported the war in Afghanistan in 2001. Yet, one year later, many people feared the United States had become
A world policeman establishing its own rules throughout the globe
Who did public opinion mostly blame for the government shutdown of 1995?
The Republicans
How did the internet radically change the global flow of information?
It allowed for the worldwide circulation of ideas from anyone with access to a computer
Compared to other Americans, Blacks had an extremely high rate of imprisonment by the end of the century (T/F)
True
Which of the following technologies transformed American life in the 1990s more than any of the others?
Computers
According to President George W. Bush’s message to the American people in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, what would have kept terrorists from attacking the United States?
A love of freedom
Between 1970 and 2000, twice as many Africans immigrated to the United States as had entered during the entire period of the Atlantic slave trade (T/F)
True
What did the USA Patriot Act empower law enforcement agencies to do?
Wiretap and spy on citizens without their knowledge
By the year 2000, the AIDS epidemic
Was spreading less rapidly among gay Americans
What was the “Freedom Revolution”?
The Republican victory in the 1994 congressional elections
During the Clinton years, human rights emerged as a justification for interventions in matters once considered to be the Internal affairs of sovereign nations (T/F)
True
What was characteristic economically of the last two decades of the twentieth century?
The poor and middle class became worse off, while the rich became significantly richer
Which economic sector was the least affected by the scandals caused by deregulation?
Education
What has been one result of the high number of African Americans in the prison system?
The disenfranchisement of millions of Black men
A clear sign of multiplication in the United States was the spread of academic programs dealing with the unique experiences of specific groups (Black Studies, Women’s Studies, Latino Studies, etc.) (T/F)
True
Due to the absence of legal segregation, which of the following groups migrated to the United States in higher number than ever before between 1970 and 2010?
Africans
What setback did the Bush administration suffer in its war on terror in 2008?
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Guantanamo Bay detainees could invoke rights under the U.S. Constitution
Which of the following groups was mostly at a disadvantage because of state laws disenfranchising persons with felony convictions?
Black men
The Taft-Harley Act
Was vetoed by President Truman
The so-called termination era
Is the time after the passage of House resolution 108
The Truman Doctrine Assumed
The United States would provide aid to any anticommunist regime, even if it was not a democratic one
What was the result of the Korean War?
Korea remained divided along the thirty-eighth parallel
Which of the following accurately depicts one of the uses of anticommunism?
Businesses resisted government regulatory efforts as “socialism”
What led to the Republican control of both houses of Congress in 1946?
Large numbers of middle-class voters voted Republican
To improve the image of the United States, the U.S. government sponsored artistic and cultural performances abroad (T/F)
True
Why did nearly 5 million workers walk off their jobs over the course of 1946?
The removal of price controls resulted in a drop in workers’ real income
In the aftermath of World War II
The majority of soldiers went back to work
The United States was the first country to approve both covenants of the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights (T/F)
False
To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department
Funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits
Harry Truman’s Fair Deal focused on improving the social safety net and raising the standard of living of ordinary Americans (T/F)
True
Who made a name for himself with the Alger Hiss Spy case?
Richard Nixon
How did Black organizations employ the language of the Cold War?
They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America’s image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of “freedom” at home
The Fair Deal’s main goal was to increase the standard of living of ordinary Americans (T/F)
True
Why did Harry Truman’s loyalty review system target gay men and lesbians working for the government?
Gay men and lesbians were considered susceptible to blackmail and thought to be lacking the qualities necessary to fight communism
Heightened fears of communism had little effect on Native American reservations (T/F)
False
On what topic did Henry A. Wallace significantly differ from Truman?
Waging the Cold War
The United States won the Korean War (T/F)
False
Why did anticommunist Harry Truman veto the McCarran-Walter Act?
Truman had become alarmed at the excesses of the anticommunist crusade
Before breaking the color barrier in Major League Baseball, Jackie Robinson did what?
He opposed segregated seating on a bus in Fort Hood, Texas
Hollywood remained the one voice of protest during the McCarthy era, making films that glorified individualism, socialism, and the questioning of authority (T/F)
False
Both the Taft-Harley Act and the McCarran-Walter Act passed over Truman’s veto (T/F)
True
Japan’s constitution, which Americans had written, provided for the first time in Japanese history
Women’s sufferage
During the Cold War, the American idea of freedom expressed by President Truman and envisioned by the Marshall Plan was tied to
Economic prosperity and production
After World War II, President Truman
Introduced his own version of the New Deal
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was the first long-term military alliance between the United States and Latin America (T/F)
False
In his Wheeling, West Virginia, speech of 1950, who did Joseph McCarthy claim had been infiltrated by communists?
The State Department
How did Congress respond to President Truman’s policy initiatives?
Congress rejected both the Fair Deal and civil rights programs
The Nuremberg trials refers to what post-World War II events?
Trials in which German officials were prosecuted for crimes against humanity
In the 1950s, what did the term “totalitarianism” describe?
America’s enemies in the Cold War
Operation Wetback
Was a military operation that rounded up undocumented immigrants found in Mexican American neighborhoods for deportation
Who was prevented from seeing the American Freedom Train exhibit in 1947?
People in Memphis and Birmingham were not allowed, because the train’s organizers refused to segregate the viewing
What did the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 permit?
The revocation of U.S. citizenship if deemed necessary
Emerging from World War II, what was the only nation that could rival the United States?
The Soviet Union
Starting in the 1950s, the government asked federal employees to demonstrate their patriotism. This was especially true for those who were suspected of being disloyal. Along with this group, what other minority was specifically targeted by the government?
Gays and lesbians
What contributed most to Henry Wallace’s defeat in the 1948 election?
He lost the support of New Deal liberals due to being associated with Communists
NSC-68 called for
A permanent military buildup to fight communism
President Eisenhower was concerned that the military-industrial complex would
Gain unwarranted influence in the government
Which of the following describes Oscar Handlin’s denunciation?
He believed that the McCarren-Walter Act assumed there were different degrees of American citizenship
Operation Dixie was
A campaign hoping to eliminate anti-labor conservatives from the South
Which of the following statements about the Cold War’s impact on American life are true?
The Cold War contributed to the dismantling of segregation
Jackie Robinson, the first Black man to play in Major League Baseball, won the Rookie of the Year Award (T/F)
True
Who were the “Dixiecrats”?
Southern Democrats who walked out of the 1948 convention to form the “States’ Rights Democratic Party”
What reason did the Hollywood Ten give for not cooperating with the HUAC hearings?
They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment
Who was the general who led the counterattack at Inchon during the Korean War?
Douglas MacArthur
Henry Steele Commager viewed the “new (American) loyalty” as
The uncritical and unquestioning acceptance of America as it is
The Berlin Blockade was
The Soviet Union’s reaction to the establishment of a separate currency in the western occupied zones
Assess the effects of the Marshall Plan
It helped to jump-start the economies of Western Europe
Considering the there were many few radicals involved in the civil rights movement, groups like the NAACP remained unaffected by McCarthyism (T/F)
False
By the mid-1990s, the richest 1 percent of Americans owned how much of the nation’s wealth?
40 percent
Domestically, Gerald Ford
Failed to revive the economy
Ronald Reagan was the most effective president at reshaping the nation’s agenda and political language since which President?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
What did the busing issue illustrate about America in the 1970s?
The existence of white hostility toward a strong and powerful government who they believed was taking away their “rights” and “freedoms”
The “New Democrats” of the 1970s
Cared most about issues like race relations, gender equality, and the environment
Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment argued that a passage of the ERA would
Take away a woman’s right to be a housewife
As a result of Watergate, what happened to Richard Nixon?
He resigned as president
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Prohibited discrimination in the basis of disability in any program or agency related to the federal government
In the Declaration of Continuing Independence, Native peoples declared their movement was different from other movements for aboriginal rights (T/F)
False
Barry Goldwater
Critiqued the welfare state
Why did President Carter cut off aid to Argentina in 1978?
Because the country was ruled by a dictatorship that brutally violated human rights
In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that
Fixed affirmative action quotes were unconstitutional
The Declaration of Continuing Independence appealed to which government body?
The United Nations
What triggered the rise of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia?
The U.S. invasion of Cambodia
Which statement is true of the so-called misery index?
It was the sum of unemployment and inflation rates
Democrats nominated Senator George McGovern for president in 1972. McGovern only won in Massachusetts. What did the results of the elections suggest?
That certain sectors of society no longer swore loyalty to the Democratic Party
What was Reagan’s reaction to the air traffic controllers’ strike?
He fired all of the air traffic controllers on strike
The Sunbelt in the 1970s
Was a growing conservative region
Under the Nixon administration, the United States
Aided dictatorial governments, like Pinochet’s regime
Reagan strengthened the role of the federal government in
Crime control
Which area underwent the most population growth in the 1970s?
The Sunbelt
One important effect of Reagan’s decision to fire striking air traffic to rollers was
An increase in anti-union offensives launched by private employers
The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1973
Helped to revitalize Indian nations by giving them control over federal programs
Reagan intended to change the American tradition of welcoming people to America by closing the doors to Mexican immigration (T/F)
False
The morale in the army during the later years of the Vietnam conflict mirrored the social changes sweeping America at home (T/F)
True
In 1975, the Vietnam War ended
With the Paris peace agreement
Reaganomics initially produced what result in regard to the economy?
Severe recession
The Philadelphia Plan
Was ultimately abandoned by President Nixon
Richard Nixon’s New Federalism
Offered state-grants that could be used however each state government chose
What did Nevada politician Richard E. Blakemore view as the cause of the Sagebrush rebellion?
Conflict between environmental protection and demand for energy
Neoconservative writer Jean Kirkpatrick
Helped set a foreign policy agenda that stepped up U.S. interventions in foreign countries
Which of the following statements is true of Proposition 13?
It proved taxation could be a trenchant issue for politicians and American voters
In spite of the efforts of conservatives, the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress and ratified by enough states (T/F)
False
In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, the Supreme Court decided
That students should be transported long distances in order to achieve school integration
After Nixon’s 1972 visit to China
The Beijing government took China’s place at the UN
What did the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 do?
It provided a path to citizenship for millions of undocumented immigrants
The effect of the lowering in value of the U.S. dollar during Richard Nixon’s first term was
Negative, because the world economy became unstable
The Equal Rights Amendment
Stated that equality of rights under the law could not be abridged on account of sex
Which statement is true of the war on drugs?
It grew out of public fear over crack use in urban areas
Which of the following is evidence that freedom for women expanded in the 1970s?
Gender discrimination was banned in higher education
When they were arrested, the burglars at the Watergate apartment complex were breaking into
The Democratic Party headquarters
The Nixon administration
Created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
What happened to many Black workers during the Reagan administration?
They lost manufacturing jobs when factories closed, and they lacked the education to join the technological industry
What were the results of the U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia in 1970?
The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime
During the 1970s, evangelical Christians
Significantly increased in number, as they became more vocal
Which of the following formed part of the conservative agenda?
A strong critique of the welfare state
Immediately after the end of the Vietnam War, Ford issued an unconditional pardon to all of the draft resisters (T/F)
False
What did events surrounding the Watergate break-in and cover-up suggest about Richard Nixon?
He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies
How did the experience of the 1970s shape America’s neoconservatives?
Economic problems heightened the appeal of lower taxes and reduced government regulation
In which election year did a presidential candidate first claim he or she would “make America great again”?
1980
Southern conservatives joined the movement for racial justice sparked by the Montgomery bus boycott (T/F)
False
Martin Luther King Jr. gained inspiration for the idea of peaceful civil disobedience from whom?
Mahatma Gandhi
Which factor accounted for the reduction of income inequality in America between 1950 and 1973?
A progressive income tax
Which statement about 1950s consumer culture is true?
Television advertising linked consumption with a good middle-class life
By the end of the 1950s, what problem was the car causing?
Pollution
Which statement about industry is correct?
The unions’ success in raising wages inspired employers to mechanize more and more elements of manufacturing in order to reduce labor costs
While ostensibly about providing Native Americans a better life, what was one consequence of the Urban Relocation Program enacted during the second half of the twentieth century?
The program was seen as an injustice and gave rise to a new generation of pan-Indian nationalists with stronger tribal ties than before
By the 1950s, half of America’s black families
Lived in poverty
Why did the Eisenhower administration embrace the doctrine of “massive retaliation”?
The constant threat of mutually assured destruction under the doctrine made for more cautious diplomacy
Why were African Americans excluded from many new suburbs being built in the 1950s, like those in Levittown?
Banks and private developers refused to allow African Americans to purchase suburban homes
Which Third World leader sought to reduce foreign corporations’ control over his country’s economy through sweeping land-reform policies?
Guatemalan leader Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán
During the 1950s, which of the following functioned as economic engines of the U.S. economy?
Construction and spending on consumer goods
In the 1960 presidential election, John F. Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon by a landslide (T/F)
False
In his Montgomery, Alabama speech, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. used the language of what concept to promote his cause?
Freedom
How did the United States violate the UN Charter in 1954?
By organizing a military attack to depose Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in Guatemala
Who was the author of Howl (1955), a book written to protest materialism and conformism?
Allen Ginsberg
Which statement best describes the thesis of David Riesman’s book The Lonely Crowd?
Americans were conformists and lacked the inner resources to lead truly independent lives
Why did President Eisenhower use the CIA to overthrow the government of Iran in the early 1950s?
The government had attempted to nationalize British-owned oil fields
Which statement best describes how the white South reacted to the Brown v. Board of Education decision?
Some states closed schools rather than integrate, and let white children opt out of integrated schools
What ended the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
The Supreme Court ruled segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional
The National Defense Education Act marked the first time that the federal government provided direct funding for higher education (T/F)
True
If the 1956 elections had been held in Vietnam as scheduled, they would have almost certainly resulted in a victory for Ngo Dinh Diem’s anticommunists (T/F)
False
How did Los Angeles epitomize the new emphasis on the car in 1950s America?
People drove to and from work on a web of highways and shopped at malls only accessible by driving
Which of the following assessments of the civil rights movement is most accurate?
The movement came as a great surprise and was predicted only by a few
The American National Exhibition in Moscow equated what with freedom?
Consumption
The percentage of families at or below the poverty rate increased during the 1950s (T/F)
False
Modern Republicanism
Consolidated and legitimized the New Deal
Ngo Dinh Diem
Was the anticommunist leader of South Vietnam
Governor Orval Faunus of Arkansas responded to the court-ordered desegregation of Central High School
With defiance, refusing to comply and allowing violence to break out
William Levitt gave many Americans the opportunity to
Become homeowners
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Was sparked when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man
To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant
Individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated captialism
Between 1946 and 1960, the American gross national product
More than doubled, and wages increased
The emergence of a popular culture geared toward the incipient youth market suggested they conformed with middle-class norms (T/F)
False
To what global issue did Martin Luther King Jr. link the struggle for civil rights in America?
Increasing freedom in Africa
The idea of “mutually assured destruction”
Contributed to an atmosphere of impending fear
How did American leaders react to their international reputation in terms of race relations?
They worried about their image overseas
Which statement is true of Brown v. Board of Education?
It marked the “Warren Court” as an active agent of social change
Labor and employers agreed to a new “social contract” that included which of the following provisions?
Unions left decisions regarding plant location in management’s hands
During the 1950s, television
Became the most common source of information
What made the Army-McCarthy hearings unusual for American television programming of the 1950s?
It was deeply political and controversial
In the election of 1960, John F. Kennedy won a narrow victory despite
The anti-Catholic sentiment of many Protestants
What was a basic objective of the Indian Urban Relocation Program?
To move Native Americans off the reservations and into major urban areas like Chicago and Denver
This NAACP lawyer was instrumental in dismantling the legal basis for segregated schools in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case
Thurgood Marshall
What was the result of urban renewal programs in cities like Detroit, Chicago, and Los Angeles?
Low-income neighborhoods were bulldozed and replaced with cultural amenities such as shopping malls, universities, and sporting venues
The shopping mall was the inevitable result of
The growth of the suburbs
Which of the following challenged the mass conformity of the 1950s?
Beat poet Allen Ginsberg
America’s image abroad during the Cold War
Could be a source of embarrassment for diplomats courting the support of the nonwhite world
Every southern congressman in the House of Representatives and Senate signed the Southern Manifesto in opposition to school integration (T/F)
False
During the 1950s, American teenagers
Grew in number, cultivating their own popular culture
Barry Goldwater’s conservative movement
Was strongly embraced by the Young Americans for Freedom
What set President Lyndon B Johnson apart from his predecessor l, John F. Kennedy?
He grew up in a poor part of the United States
What philosophy did the protesters at the Greensboro sit-in adhere to?
Nonviolence
What best describes Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)?
Conservative students who aimed to take control of the Republican Party
What did the Sharon Statement say?
Communism posed the greatest threat to liberty
In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court declared the legality of interracial marriage (T/F)
True
What did the Greensboro sit-in protest?
A lunch counter at Woolworth’s that refused to serve Blacks
What did the 1967 Supreme Court Loving v. Virginia ruling make legal in all states?
Interracial marriage
The violence in Birmingham was not surprising since it had a history of violence, most notably toward Blacks (T/F)
True
Richard Nixon’s election to the presidency in 1968 inaugurated a period of radical liberalism in America (T/F)
False
What immigration reforms did the 1965 Hart-Celler Act enact?
It established the first limit on immigrants from the Western Hemisphere
What event forced John F. Kennedy to take meaningful action in support of the civil rights movement?
King’s demonstration in Birmingham
Which of the following statements is true about Malcolm X?
He insisted Blacks should control their own resources
Which of the following statements best describes the legacy of the War on Poverty?
It helped significantly reduce America’s incidence of poverty
During the Freedom Summer
A coalition of civil rights groups launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi
The 1963 March on Washington
Showed blacks and whites marching together
What was the focus of The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan?
The discontents of middle-class women
Which of the following is an example of American influence in the world in 1968?
Other countries borrowed American language and strategy for protests against authority
What was Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged” an early call for?
Affirmative action
Which of the following is true about the Bay of Pigs invasion?
It was a total failure
Why are the riots in American cities during the 1960s best understood as battles?
Urban blacks saw the predominantly white police force as an occupying army
What made the sit-ins in the 1960s distinctive?
For the first time, college students were a leading force for change
The sexual revolution that accompanied the birth control pill was central to feminism’s “second wave” in the 1960s (T/F)
True
What was a consequence of Engel v. Vitale?
The decision ruled prayers in public schools were unconstitutional
Which of the following is considered the climax of the sixties in U.S. history?
The year 1968
Which of the following statements is accurate of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?
It empowered federal officials to oversee voter registration
Which of the following statements is true about women’s liberation?
It was a movement born of other movements where female activists had experienced discriminatory treatment for their male counterparts
‘Second wave feminism’ refers to the women’s movement that largely focused on
Sexuality and reproductive rights
The National Organization for Women (NOW) campaigned for which of the following?
Equal opportunities in politics
What was important to conservatives in the 1960s?
Enforcing law and order
What did the turmoil of 1968 lead to?
A conservative white backlash
In the 1964 election Barry Goldwater suffered a major defeat even though he succeeded in the Deep South. What did this suggest?
There was a strong opposition among whites to the civil rights movement
During the feminist movement, women came to believe that “the personal use of political,” this permanently changing Americans’ definition of freedom (T/F)
True
What led many priests, nuns, and lay Catholics to become involved in social justice movements in the 1960s?
The Second Vatican Council initiated sweeping reforms in the Roman Catholic practice
What occurred at the 1968 Democratic Party convention?
Tens of thousands of antiwar activists staged protests
What was the centerpiece of Johnson’s Great Society?
The War on Poverty
The War on Poverty
Concentrated on giving the poor skills and rebuilding their spirit and motivation
What was distinctive about the new environmentalism of the 1960s?
It led Congress to pass a series of measures aimed at conservation
Michael Harrington’s 1962 book The Other America revealed that
Millions of Americans lived in poverty “invisible” to the middle class
Despite the National Indian Youth Council’s use of “fish-ins,” the courts did not restore Native American fishing rights in the Northwest (T/F)
False
What group fought for the civil rights of and better economic opportunities for migrants?
United Farm Workers
Which of the following groups was the leading force in advocating desegregation?
College students
Why did the city of Birmingham start integrating downtown businesses in 1963?
Black children protesting in the streets were assaulted by police with nightsticks and attack dogs
In what ways did counterculture represent the fulfillment of the consumer marketplace?
The counterculture extended the concept of individual choice into every realm of life
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 fail to address?
The right to vote in the South
What likely influenced Lyndon Johnson’s choice to not seek reelection in 1968?
The public lost confidence in his administration’s ability to wage the Vietnam War
The Hart-Celler Act did not alter the rate or national origin of immigration after 1965 (T/F)
False
Why did King decide to send black schoolchildren to protest in the streets of Birmingham?
Believing the police would use force against them, he would use those images to build support for the civil rights movement
Compared to the National Organization for women (NOW), the women’s liberation movement was
A more direct outgrowth of the New Left
In addition to sit-ins, other forms of direct action
Attracted national attention, especially the 1961 “Freedom Rides”
