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AMH2020 FINAL > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Mary McLeod Bethune

A

Ran the NAACP

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2
Q

What factor contributed to the growth of union membership in the 1930s?

A

Workers’ militancy and the tactical skills of a new generation of leaders

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3
Q

Which of the following offers the best description of the First New Deal?

A

It was essentially a set of policy experiments that had mixed results

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4
Q

According to John Steinbeck’s “Harvest Gypsies”, how were the migrant farm workers of the Great Depression different from those in earlier time periods?

A

Many of the migrants of the Great Depression had owned land

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5
Q

What statement is true of the Federal Housing Administration?

A

The FHA insured long-term mortgages issued by private banks

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6
Q

The first thing that Roosevelt attended to as president was the ______ crisis

A

Banking

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7
Q

Which phrase best describes Eleanor Roosevelt’s tenure as First Lady?

A

She redefined the role of First Lady

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8
Q

Who was Charles E. Coughlin

A

He was a “radio priest” who criticized Wall Street Bankers

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9
Q

Despite the efforts of the bank holiday, by 1936 banks were still failing in America (T/F)

A

False

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10
Q

The Popular Front

A

Was a political and cultural movement associated with the Communist Party

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11
Q

Why was the Glass-Steagall Act a key piece of legislation?

A

It banned commercial banks from involvement in in buying and selling stocks, and it set up the FDIC

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12
Q

Which of the following Second New Deal measured came closest to meeting the demands of Congress of Industrial Organizations for workplace democracy?

A

The Wagner Act

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13
Q

The Civilian Conservation Corps

A

Gave work to unemployed young men in jobs having to do with the environment

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14
Q

Which of the following statements explains why the phrase “labor’s great upheaval” accurately describes some of the events of 1934?

A

There were at least 2,000 strikes that year, many producing violent confrontations with the police

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15
Q

The Share Our Wealth movement

A

Wanted to confiscate the wealth of the richest Americans

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16
Q

Which of the following statements best describes Roosevelt’s group of advisors known as the “Brains Trust”?

A

The “brains trust” believed that large corporations needed to be directed by the government

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17
Q

How did the Supreme Court justices react to New Deal laws?

A

They invalidated key initiatives, and conservative judges continued to understand freedom as liberty of contract

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18
Q

The New Deal housing policy

A

Was created to protect current home owners and provide incentives for new homeowners

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19
Q

By 1935, Huey Long and Francis Townsend had made which of the following approaches to economic recovery less politically attractive for New Dealers?

A

Efforts at general business recovery

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20
Q

The 1930s witnessed

A

Ethnic pluralism

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21
Q

Roosevelt’s campaign call to repeal Prohibition

A

Distinguished him from President Hoover

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22
Q

Why did stigma emerge around public assistance during the New Deal years?

A

Black workers were relegated to the least generous assistance programs, with discriminatory eligibility standards administered by the states

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23
Q

How did the Popular Front influence American society?

A

It challenged the status quo in society

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24
Q

Which of the following describes the New Deal most accurately?

A

It was a political program that integrated the notion of economic security into the definition of American freedom

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25
Q

Which statement about the Social Security Act is correct?

A

It created a system of unemployment insurance

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26
Q

What helped spark the Second New Deal?

A

Calls for direct payments and guaranteed income for American citizens

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27
Q

What did the pushback against free expression include?

A

The passing of the Smith Act and the House Un-American Activities Committee

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28
Q

The Smith Act made it a federal crime to teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow of the government (T/F)

A

True

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29
Q

How did Roosevelt’s opponents characterize liberty?

A

Liberty meant freedom from powerful government

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30
Q

What type of image grew in popularity among painters and writers during the 1930s?

A

Ordinary people leading their ordinary lives

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31
Q

The Rural Electrification Administration proved to be one of the New Deal’s most successful programs, writing 90 percent of the nation’s farms by 1950 (T/F)

A

True

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32
Q

What did the election of Roosevelt mean to many American industrial workers?

A

Hope for an end to the miniature dictatorships of factory managers and owners

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33
Q

After the Court-packing attempt, how did the change in the jurisprudence of the US Supreme Court affect American life?

A

The new political climate in the US Supreme Court meant that a federal child labor ban could stand constitutional muster

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34
Q

Harold Ickes directed which of the following?

A

Public Works Administration

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35
Q

The National Industrial Recovery Act

A

Established business codes for several industries

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36
Q

Which of the following had been a traditional belief prior to the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes?

A

Balanced budgets were sacred

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37
Q

The Agricultural Adjustment Act

A

Was intended to raise farm prices

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38
Q

Assess the results of the Rural Electrification Agency

A

Farms not only gained electricity, but also radios, refrigerators, and mechanical equipment to milk cows

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39
Q

Which of the following best describes the Works Progress Administration?

A

It put 3 million Americans to work every year until 1943

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40
Q

Roosevelt launched the Second New Deal because of the success of his initial policies to pull the country out of the Depression and because of the rising conservative opposition against him (T/F)

A

False

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41
Q

According to Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, how could corporations have prevented the Great Depression?

A

By giving workers more purchasing power

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42
Q

How did President Franklin D. Roosevelt describe the notion of a “liberty of contract”?

A

He denounced it was a service to the interest of “the privileged few”

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43
Q

What caused the Dust Bowl?

A

Soil erosion

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44
Q

Which two New Deal programs did the Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?

A

Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Recovery Administration

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45
Q

The slogan “Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work” referred to this economic struggle of

A

Blacks in Harlem, who demanded work at white-owned businesses

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46
Q

The right of labor to unionize was one of the central concerns of the Popular Front (T/F)

A

True

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47
Q

Social Security excluded, at first, unmarried women and non-whites (T/F)

A

True

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48
Q

In the president election of 1936

A

The so-called New Deal Coalition reelected FDR in a landslide

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49
Q

What was the focus of the Second New Deal?

A

Sustaining mass purchasing power among the population

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50
Q

The Social Security Act of 1935

A

Was inspired by earlier maternalist reform demands and similar programs in Europe

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51
Q

As a US Senator, what did Barack Obama oppose?

A

The Iraq War

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52
Q

According to Khizr Khan, if Donald Trump could have decided the fate of his family, they would never have become American (T/F)

A

True

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53
Q

How did some Americans view the public health measures taken to deal with the Covid-19 virus?

A

As an infringement on individual liberty

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54
Q

How did the Covid-19 pandemic affect minority communities in the United States

A

Minorities were disproportionately impacted because of poverty and inconsistent access to health care

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55
Q

What did the decision of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission do?

A

Allowed corporations to make political contributions

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56
Q

What was March for Our Lives?

A

A protest organized by high school students to demand gun control

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57
Q

Lawrence v. Texas upheld that sexual acts between persons of the same gender were not a criminal act (T/F)

A

True

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58
Q

Which of the following statements describes the Black Lives Matter movement?

A

Members demanded that police practices be changed and officers using excessive force be held accountable

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59
Q

Illegal immigrants coming to the United States raised wages at the bottom of the economic ladder but failed to spend money and pay taxes (T/F)

A

False

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60
Q

Religion and nationalism reinforce one another more powerfully in the United States than in the more secular nations of western Europe (T/F)

A

True

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61
Q

Which of the following was a liability for President Obama as he entered his reelection campaign of 2012?

A

Voters were fed up with both the president and Congress because of the partisanship and legislative gridlock in Washington

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62
Q

What did congressional Republicans denounce as a “government takeover” in March 2010?

A

A sweeping health care bill that required all Americans to purchase health insurance

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63
Q

Which of the following contributed to the banking crisis of 2008?

A

Public and private policies favored economic speculation and get-rich-quick schemes

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64
Q

The Hurricane Katrina disaster highlighted which of the following to Americans in 2005?

A

That poverty continued to be an unresolved issue

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65
Q

According to the textbook what was a key component of the dominant definition of freedom in the twenty-first century?

A

The ability to fulfill potential unrestricted by authority

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66
Q

What is one key factor that explains the unprecedented amount of money that was spent on the presidential and congressional elections of 2012?

A

In 2010, the Supreme Court removed restrictions on corporate political donations

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67
Q

In his second inaugural address, President Bush outlined a new American goal to

A

End tyranny in the world

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68
Q

What allowed Donald Trump to be chosen as the Republican presidential candidate?

A

Other candidates within the party believed he had no chance at winning the nomination

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69
Q

In a Supreme Court decision in 2003, the right to use affirmative action in college admissions was

A

Reaffirmed

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70
Q

There are more guns in the United States than there are people (T/F)

A

True

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71
Q

Which of the following statements is true about Senator Bernie Sanders?

A

He restored the word “socialism” to the political vocabulary

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72
Q

What was former National Security Agency employee Edward Snowden charged with?

A

Violating the Espionage Act

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73
Q

What did President George W. Bush’s frequent references to freedom and liberty in his second inaugural address indicate?

A

He was less likely to “impose” democracy on foreign countries

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74
Q

Which, according to Trump, were the issues of most concern to voters?

A

Globalization and immigration

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75
Q

According to Justice Kennedy in the Obergefell v. Hodges decision, where can new ideas about freedom arise?

A

Pleas of protest

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76
Q

What was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Lawrence v. Texas?

A

A Texas law criminalizing sexual acts between persons of the same gender

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77
Q

The 2008 financial crisis was linked to subprime mortgages (T/F)

A

True

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78
Q

Why did Goldman Sachs have to pay a fine of half a billion dollars in 2010?

A

It had knowingly sold toxic mortgage-based securities and then bet on their failure

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79
Q

Trump’s victory signified that the contested issue of who is entitled to full freedom and equality in America remained unsolved (T/F)

A

True

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80
Q

The Affordable Care Act prevented insurance companies from denying coverages to people with existing illnesses (T/F)

A

True

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81
Q

What actions taken by the Trump Administration exacerbated the Covid-19 pandemic in the United States?

A

It dismantled a global public health task force designed to prepare for future pandemics

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82
Q

What did the impeachment of Donald Trump reveal?

A

The deep polarization of the nation and Trump’s powerful grip on the Republican Party

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83
Q

How did federal courts react to Trump’s ban on travel to the United States from Muslim-majority countries?

A

They declared it unconstitutional because it violated religious freedom

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84
Q

President Bush’s approval rating never fell below 35 percent (T/F)

A

False

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85
Q

On what grounds did Khizr Khan, a Pakistani immigrant whose son died in the Iraq War, confront Trump?

A

Trump disrespected minorities

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86
Q

The borderlands of the Southwest

A

Emerged as an area of renewed anxiety for some Americans in the wake of the September 11 attacks

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87
Q

Which of the following did Barack Obama and Donald Trump’s presidential campaigns have in common?

A

Both appealed to the voters’ feeling that the country was moving in the wrong direction

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88
Q

What are “subprime” mortgages?

A

Risky loans made to home buyers who could not meet their monthly payments

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89
Q

Who is Sonia Sotomayor?

A

The first Hispanic to be appointed to the Supreme Court

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90
Q

Which of the following shows how Trump felt about environmental issues?

A

He withdrew the United States from the Paris Agreement on climate change

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91
Q

Bush’s popularity slid significantly because of the Iraq War and the widespread sense that Americans were not benefiting from economic growth (T/F)

A

True

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92
Q

What was the result of the 2010 midterm elections?

A

Political gridlock, which made it difficult for President Obama to pass significant legislation

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93
Q

In 2020, how many nations had American troops deployed within their borders?

A

150

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94
Q

Most economists agree that undocumented immigrants

A

Push down wages at the bottom of the economic ladder

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95
Q

In 2020, how many people in the United States were murdered with handguns?

A

More than 8,000

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96
Q

Why did Joe Biden win the Democratic nomination for president in 2020?

A

He favored more moderate policies

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97
Q

Which of the following statements is true about vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin?

A

She was extremely popular with the Republican Party’s conservative base

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98
Q

Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry served in the first Gulf War (T/F)

A

False

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99
Q

In the 2016 election, more citizens voted for Donald Trump than for Hillary Clinton (T/F)

A

False

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100
Q

How did Obama appeal to many voters, especially young people, during his presidential campaign?

A

By promising change

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101
Q

The National Resources Planning Board’s postwar goals were

A

Economic security and full employment

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102
Q

During World War II, how did Mahatma Gandhi, the Indian leader, characterize the United States and Great Britain?

A

As hypocritical

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103
Q

Under the bracero program

A

Mexicans immigrated without the right of citizenship

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104
Q

According to Gunnar Myrdal in Am American Dilemma, America’s dilemma was a conflict between

A

American values and American racial policies

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105
Q

Members of the America First Committee were more concerned about which issue than they were about Nazi Germany?

A

Government regulation ending free enterprise

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106
Q

The Second Great Migration

A

Refers to the southern Blacks riding “liberty trains” to find employment in the North and West

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107
Q

Why did Executive Order 9066 not apply to persons of Japanese descent living in Hawaii?

A

Since nearly 40 percent of the population was of Japanese descent, the evacuation order would have been impractical

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108
Q

Which of the following is true of the Yalta conference in 1945?

A

Stalin agreed to allow free and unfettered elections in postwar Poland

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109
Q

What was the goal of the policy of appeasement?

A

To avoid another conflict like World War I

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110
Q

Which statement about the Pearl Harbor attack is true?

A

It was a surprise attack by the Japanese

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111
Q

After the opening up of a second front with the success of the Normandy invasion on D-Day, British and American troops inflicted devastating damage upon the Germans, resulting in an immediate German surrender and end to the war (T/F)

A

False

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112
Q

To Roosevelt, the Four Freedoms expressed deeply held American values worthy of being spread worldwide (T/F)

A

True

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113
Q

The “zoot suit” riots of 1943

A

Highlighted the limits of racial tolerance during World War II

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114
Q

Who was Carlos Bulosan?

A

A Filipino poet who wrote about Americans outside of the mainstream

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115
Q

What happened to most female war workers after the war?

A

They lost their jobs, especially those in better-paying ones

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116
Q

How did the Allied campaign in Italy lay the groundwork for the invasion of France on D-day?

A

The defeat of Mussolini’s regime forced Hitler to redirect valuable German troops to occupy Italy

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117
Q

Growth in the South and West during World War II was sparked by

A

Military industrial growth

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118
Q

How did Justice Robert Jackson compare a military order to a court decision in the case of Korematsu v. United States?

A

He argued that a judicial decision lasts longer than a military order and decides the extent of the Constitution

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119
Q

Organized labor assisted in the war effort by

A

Not going on strikes

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120
Q

Which statement best describes one outcome of World War II?

A

Allied victory saved other people from suffering the fate of European Jews

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121
Q

The “zoot suit” riots were between the police of Detroit and the black workers of the city (T/F)

A

False

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122
Q

Where did the turning point of World War II in the European Eastern Theater occur?

A

Stalingrad

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123
Q

Which of the following occurred at the Potsdam conference?

A

The West recognized that Eastern Europe would become a Soviet sphere of influence

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124
Q

The Good Neighbor Policy was extended primarily toward Canada to lend support to its efforts to aid Britain against German aggression (T/F)

A

False

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125
Q

Which of the following events are in the correct order?

A

Munich Agreement, Battle of Britain, Pearl Harbor, D-Day, Hiroshima

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126
Q

When war broke out in Europe in 1939, the Soviet Union stood virtually alone in fighting Germany (T/F)

A

False

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127
Q

During wartime, Asian Americans

A

Had different experiences depending on whether or not they were of Japanese origin

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128
Q

Which statement best describes Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill?

A

They each represented very different societies

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129
Q

In the case of Korematsu v. United Sates (1944), Robert Jackson wrote a dissent arguing that

A

Guilt is personal and not inheritable

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130
Q

What taste of freedom did women enjoy in World War II?

A

The possibility of doing men’s jobs and receiving men’s wages

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131
Q

Black internationalism during World War II?

A

Connected the plight of black Americans to that of people of color worldwide

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132
Q

How did wartime experiences change Mexican-American life?

A

The contrast between the wartime rhetoric of pluralism and the reality of discrimination brought a heightened consciousness of civil rights to Mexican Americans

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133
Q

During World War II, African Americans

A

Served in the military in segregated units

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134
Q

In the United States during World War II

A

Unemployment declined and income taxes increased

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135
Q

What did Henry Luce and Henry Wallace have in common?

A

They both put forth a new conception of America’s role in the world based in part on internationalism and on the idea that the American experience should serve as a model for all other nations

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136
Q

How did World War II impact life and commerce in the South?

A

The war hastened a shift from agricultural to industrial employment in the region

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137
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Asian-American experience during World War II?

A

Executive Order 9066 fully integrated Asian-Americans into U.S. Army units serving overseas

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138
Q

Who did the Breton Woods conference position as the world’s financial leader after World War II?

A

The United States

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139
Q

How did the struggle against Nazi tyranny discredit racial inequality in the United States?

A

The contradictions between the principle and practice of freedom in the actual status of African-Americans came to the forefront during the war

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140
Q

President Roosevelt refused to negotiate with undemocratic Latin American leaders (T/F)

A

False

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141
Q

The Bretton Woods meeting established a new international economic system (T/F)

A

True

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142
Q

What led England and France to declare was on Germany, marking the start of World War II?

A

Germany invaded Poland, a country Britain and France had promised to protect

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143
Q

The largest surrender in American military history occurred in Normandy (T/F)

A

False

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144
Q

What did publisher Henry Luce say would lead to a world of “the abundant life” in his blueprint for postwar prosperity, The American Century?

A

Free enterprise

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145
Q

Why did so many American workers walk out of their jobs between 1943 and 1944?

A

They were protesting the increasing speed of the assembly line and frozen wages

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146
Q

Which of the following statements is true of African-American experiences during World War II?

A

When World War II began, the Air Force and marines had zero black numbers

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147
Q

How did the role of the national government change during the war?

A

It grew and created several federal agencies to regulate the war effort

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148
Q

Korematsu was

A

An American citizen

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149
Q

According to the book An American Dilemma, written by Gunnar Myrdal, who should take the lead in ending racial discrimination?

A

The federal government

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150
Q

In 1940, the “cash and carry” plan

A

Allowed Great Britain to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis

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151
Q

The Internet

A

Expanded the flow of information more radically than any invention since the printing press

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152
Q

Following the Gulf War of 1991, what increased Osama bin Laden’s anger at the United States?

A

The United States showed support for Israel

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153
Q

Which of the following is true about the political affiliation of most Latino immigrants

A

Most voted democratic

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154
Q

The 2000 presidential race between George W. Bush and Al Gore was

A

Finally decided by the Supreme Court

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155
Q

What statement below best summarizes the difference between the impeachments of Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton?

A

Andrew Johnson’s impeachment concerned matters of Reconstruction and the rights of formerly enslaved people, but Bill Clinton’s concerned what many deemed a juvenile escapade

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156
Q

What made the U.S. Supreme Court case of Bush v. Gore in 2000 so unusual?

A

It was not meant to be a precedent and only applied to a single case

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157
Q

Which one of President Clinton’s decisions was met with protests from most Democrats?

A

Abolishing welfare

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158
Q

Investors in the 1990s were deeply skeptical of the new “dot coms,” companies that did not seem to actually produce anything (T/F)

A

False

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159
Q

How did revelations about the U.S. military prison in Abu Ghraib, Iraq change the position of the United States in the World?

A

The incident undermined the reputation of the United States as a nation that adhered to accepted standards of behavior and rule of law

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160
Q

What were the student protesters who occupied Tiananmen Square in Beijing in June 1989 demanding?

A

Democracy

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161
Q

Bill Clinton’s low popularity rates during the impeachment controversy showed that traditional attitudes towards sex had not changed? (T/F)

A

False

162
Q

What was the impact of the creation of Indian Casinos?

A

Most individual Indians did not benefit from casinos and remained poor

163
Q

The third-party candidate Ross Perot

A

Showed there was great dissatisfaction with the major parties

164
Q

In the song “La Jaula de oro,” how are the children of Mexican immigrants portrayed?

A

As Americanized

165
Q

Why did militia groups arise in America during the 1990s?

A

To defend themselves against what they believed was oppressive federal authority

166
Q

Despite the growth of Native American organizations and casinos, the Native American population remains stagnant according to the Census Bureau (T/F)

A

False

167
Q

“Dot coms”

A

Were high-tech companies that attracted many investors in the 1990s

168
Q

How did life for Blacks begin to dramatically change at the turn of the twenty-first century?

A

Black worked in unprecedented numbers alongside whites in corporate boardrooms, offices, and factories

169
Q

What was the Contract with America?

A

A 1994 Republican plan to steeply cut taxes and environmental programs

170
Q

What was one demand of the demonstrators in the “Battle of Seattle”?

A

International standards for working conditions

171
Q

Which statement is true of Asian Americans during the 1990s?

A

Their communities emphasized education

172
Q

George H. W. Bush declared drugs a major international threat when he sent troops to Panama and installed a new government there (T/F)

A

True

173
Q

Which of the Bush administration’s policies was found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court?

A

Suspending the rights of prisoners and detainees

174
Q

Who was the special counsel investigating the scandals of Bill Clinton?

A

Kenneth Starr

175
Q

After the September 11 attacks, Americans experienced a new feeling of common social purpose (T/F)

A

True

176
Q

The first Gulf War in 1991 resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the installation of a democratic government in Iraq (T/F)

A

False

177
Q

The financial sector of the economy accounted for what percentage of total profits in the year 2000?

A

40 percent

178
Q

In the 1999 “Declaration for Global Democracy,” who was blamed for worldwide economic problems?

A

Corporate interests

179
Q

Globalization

A

Was symbolized by corporations such as Microsoft and organizations like the WTO

180
Q

Why did the group ACT UP demonstrate in New York?

A

To protest the Catholic Church’s prejudice against gays

181
Q

Operation Desert Storm

A

Forced the Iraqi army out of Kuwait

182
Q

Which of the following is FALSE about the Rodney King case?

A

He had a handgun and was threatening to shoot the police officers

183
Q

Most of the world supported the war in Afghanistan in 2001. Yet, one year later, many people feared the United States had become

A

A world policeman establishing its own rules throughout the globe

184
Q

Who did public opinion mostly blame for the government shutdown of 1995?

A

The Republicans

185
Q

How did the internet radically change the global flow of information?

A

It allowed for the worldwide circulation of ideas from anyone with access to a computer

186
Q

Compared to other Americans, Blacks had an extremely high rate of imprisonment by the end of the century (T/F)

A

True

187
Q

Which of the following technologies transformed American life in the 1990s more than any of the others?

A

Computers

188
Q

According to President George W. Bush’s message to the American people in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, what would have kept terrorists from attacking the United States?

A

A love of freedom

189
Q

Between 1970 and 2000, twice as many Africans immigrated to the United States as had entered during the entire period of the Atlantic slave trade (T/F)

A

True

190
Q

What did the USA Patriot Act empower law enforcement agencies to do?

A

Wiretap and spy on citizens without their knowledge

191
Q

By the year 2000, the AIDS epidemic

A

Was spreading less rapidly among gay Americans

192
Q

What was the “Freedom Revolution”?

A

The Republican victory in the 1994 congressional elections

193
Q

During the Clinton years, human rights emerged as a justification for interventions in matters once considered to be the Internal affairs of sovereign nations (T/F)

A

True

194
Q

What was characteristic economically of the last two decades of the twentieth century?

A

The poor and middle class became worse off, while the rich became significantly richer

195
Q

Which economic sector was the least affected by the scandals caused by deregulation?

A

Education

196
Q

What has been one result of the high number of African Americans in the prison system?

A

The disenfranchisement of millions of Black men

197
Q

A clear sign of multiplication in the United States was the spread of academic programs dealing with the unique experiences of specific groups (Black Studies, Women’s Studies, Latino Studies, etc.) (T/F)

A

True

198
Q

Due to the absence of legal segregation, which of the following groups migrated to the United States in higher number than ever before between 1970 and 2010?

A

Africans

199
Q

What setback did the Bush administration suffer in its war on terror in 2008?

A

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Guantanamo Bay detainees could invoke rights under the U.S. Constitution

200
Q

Which of the following groups was mostly at a disadvantage because of state laws disenfranchising persons with felony convictions?

A

Black men

201
Q

The Taft-Harley Act

A

Was vetoed by President Truman

202
Q

The so-called termination era

A

Is the time after the passage of House resolution 108

203
Q

The Truman Doctrine Assumed

A

The United States would provide aid to any anticommunist regime, even if it was not a democratic one

204
Q

What was the result of the Korean War?

A

Korea remained divided along the thirty-eighth parallel

205
Q

Which of the following accurately depicts one of the uses of anticommunism?

A

Businesses resisted government regulatory efforts as “socialism”

206
Q

What led to the Republican control of both houses of Congress in 1946?

A

Large numbers of middle-class voters voted Republican

207
Q

To improve the image of the United States, the U.S. government sponsored artistic and cultural performances abroad (T/F)

A

True

208
Q

Why did nearly 5 million workers walk off their jobs over the course of 1946?

A

The removal of price controls resulted in a drop in workers’ real income

209
Q

In the aftermath of World War II

A

The majority of soldiers went back to work

210
Q

The United States was the first country to approve both covenants of the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights (T/F)

A

False

211
Q

To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department

A

Funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits

212
Q

Harry Truman’s Fair Deal focused on improving the social safety net and raising the standard of living of ordinary Americans (T/F)

A

True

213
Q

Who made a name for himself with the Alger Hiss Spy case?

A

Richard Nixon

214
Q

How did Black organizations employ the language of the Cold War?

A

They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America’s image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of “freedom” at home

215
Q

The Fair Deal’s main goal was to increase the standard of living of ordinary Americans (T/F)

A

True

216
Q

Why did Harry Truman’s loyalty review system target gay men and lesbians working for the government?

A

Gay men and lesbians were considered susceptible to blackmail and thought to be lacking the qualities necessary to fight communism

217
Q

Heightened fears of communism had little effect on Native American reservations (T/F)

A

False

218
Q

On what topic did Henry A. Wallace significantly differ from Truman?

A

Waging the Cold War

219
Q

The United States won the Korean War (T/F)

A

False

220
Q

Why did anticommunist Harry Truman veto the McCarran-Walter Act?

A

Truman had become alarmed at the excesses of the anticommunist crusade

221
Q

Before breaking the color barrier in Major League Baseball, Jackie Robinson did what?

A

He opposed segregated seating on a bus in Fort Hood, Texas

222
Q

Hollywood remained the one voice of protest during the McCarthy era, making films that glorified individualism, socialism, and the questioning of authority (T/F)

A

False

223
Q

Both the Taft-Harley Act and the McCarran-Walter Act passed over Truman’s veto (T/F)

A

True

224
Q

Japan’s constitution, which Americans had written, provided for the first time in Japanese history

A

Women’s sufferage

225
Q

During the Cold War, the American idea of freedom expressed by President Truman and envisioned by the Marshall Plan was tied to

A

Economic prosperity and production

226
Q

After World War II, President Truman

A

Introduced his own version of the New Deal

227
Q

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was the first long-term military alliance between the United States and Latin America (T/F)

A

False

228
Q

In his Wheeling, West Virginia, speech of 1950, who did Joseph McCarthy claim had been infiltrated by communists?

A

The State Department

229
Q

How did Congress respond to President Truman’s policy initiatives?

A

Congress rejected both the Fair Deal and civil rights programs

230
Q

The Nuremberg trials refers to what post-World War II events?

A

Trials in which German officials were prosecuted for crimes against humanity

231
Q

In the 1950s, what did the term “totalitarianism” describe?

A

America’s enemies in the Cold War

232
Q

Operation Wetback

A

Was a military operation that rounded up undocumented immigrants found in Mexican American neighborhoods for deportation

233
Q

Who was prevented from seeing the American Freedom Train exhibit in 1947?

A

People in Memphis and Birmingham were not allowed, because the train’s organizers refused to segregate the viewing

234
Q

What did the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 permit?

A

The revocation of U.S. citizenship if deemed necessary

235
Q

Emerging from World War II, what was the only nation that could rival the United States?

A

The Soviet Union

236
Q

Starting in the 1950s, the government asked federal employees to demonstrate their patriotism. This was especially true for those who were suspected of being disloyal. Along with this group, what other minority was specifically targeted by the government?

A

Gays and lesbians

237
Q

What contributed most to Henry Wallace’s defeat in the 1948 election?

A

He lost the support of New Deal liberals due to being associated with Communists

238
Q

NSC-68 called for

A

A permanent military buildup to fight communism

239
Q

President Eisenhower was concerned that the military-industrial complex would

A

Gain unwarranted influence in the government

240
Q

Which of the following describes Oscar Handlin’s denunciation?

A

He believed that the McCarren-Walter Act assumed there were different degrees of American citizenship

241
Q

Operation Dixie was

A

A campaign hoping to eliminate anti-labor conservatives from the South

242
Q

Which of the following statements about the Cold War’s impact on American life are true?

A

The Cold War contributed to the dismantling of segregation

243
Q

Jackie Robinson, the first Black man to play in Major League Baseball, won the Rookie of the Year Award (T/F)

A

True

244
Q

Who were the “Dixiecrats”?

A

Southern Democrats who walked out of the 1948 convention to form the “States’ Rights Democratic Party”

245
Q

What reason did the Hollywood Ten give for not cooperating with the HUAC hearings?

A

They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment

246
Q

Who was the general who led the counterattack at Inchon during the Korean War?

A

Douglas MacArthur

247
Q

Henry Steele Commager viewed the “new (American) loyalty” as

A

The uncritical and unquestioning acceptance of America as it is

248
Q

The Berlin Blockade was

A

The Soviet Union’s reaction to the establishment of a separate currency in the western occupied zones

249
Q

Assess the effects of the Marshall Plan

A

It helped to jump-start the economies of Western Europe

250
Q

Considering the there were many few radicals involved in the civil rights movement, groups like the NAACP remained unaffected by McCarthyism (T/F)

A

False

251
Q

By the mid-1990s, the richest 1 percent of Americans owned how much of the nation’s wealth?

A

40 percent

252
Q

Domestically, Gerald Ford

A

Failed to revive the economy

253
Q

Ronald Reagan was the most effective president at reshaping the nation’s agenda and political language since which President?

A

Franklin D. Roosevelt

254
Q

What did the busing issue illustrate about America in the 1970s?

A

The existence of white hostility toward a strong and powerful government who they believed was taking away their “rights” and “freedoms”

255
Q

The “New Democrats” of the 1970s

A

Cared most about issues like race relations, gender equality, and the environment

256
Q

Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment argued that a passage of the ERA would

A

Take away a woman’s right to be a housewife

257
Q

As a result of Watergate, what happened to Richard Nixon?

A

He resigned as president

258
Q

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973

A

Prohibited discrimination in the basis of disability in any program or agency related to the federal government

259
Q

In the Declaration of Continuing Independence, Native peoples declared their movement was different from other movements for aboriginal rights (T/F)

A

False

260
Q

Barry Goldwater

A

Critiqued the welfare state

261
Q

Why did President Carter cut off aid to Argentina in 1978?

A

Because the country was ruled by a dictatorship that brutally violated human rights

262
Q

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that

A

Fixed affirmative action quotes were unconstitutional

263
Q

The Declaration of Continuing Independence appealed to which government body?

A

The United Nations

264
Q

What triggered the rise of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia?

A

The U.S. invasion of Cambodia

265
Q

Which statement is true of the so-called misery index?

A

It was the sum of unemployment and inflation rates

266
Q

Democrats nominated Senator George McGovern for president in 1972. McGovern only won in Massachusetts. What did the results of the elections suggest?

A

That certain sectors of society no longer swore loyalty to the Democratic Party

267
Q

What was Reagan’s reaction to the air traffic controllers’ strike?

A

He fired all of the air traffic controllers on strike

268
Q

The Sunbelt in the 1970s

A

Was a growing conservative region

269
Q

Under the Nixon administration, the United States

A

Aided dictatorial governments, like Pinochet’s regime

270
Q

Reagan strengthened the role of the federal government in

A

Crime control

271
Q

Which area underwent the most population growth in the 1970s?

A

The Sunbelt

272
Q

One important effect of Reagan’s decision to fire striking air traffic to rollers was

A

An increase in anti-union offensives launched by private employers

273
Q

The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1973

A

Helped to revitalize Indian nations by giving them control over federal programs

274
Q

Reagan intended to change the American tradition of welcoming people to America by closing the doors to Mexican immigration (T/F)

A

False

275
Q

The morale in the army during the later years of the Vietnam conflict mirrored the social changes sweeping America at home (T/F)

A

True

276
Q

In 1975, the Vietnam War ended

A

With the Paris peace agreement

277
Q

Reaganomics initially produced what result in regard to the economy?

A

Severe recession

278
Q

The Philadelphia Plan

A

Was ultimately abandoned by President Nixon

279
Q

Richard Nixon’s New Federalism

A

Offered state-grants that could be used however each state government chose

280
Q

What did Nevada politician Richard E. Blakemore view as the cause of the Sagebrush rebellion?

A

Conflict between environmental protection and demand for energy

281
Q

Neoconservative writer Jean Kirkpatrick

A

Helped set a foreign policy agenda that stepped up U.S. interventions in foreign countries

282
Q

Which of the following statements is true of Proposition 13?

A

It proved taxation could be a trenchant issue for politicians and American voters

283
Q

In spite of the efforts of conservatives, the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress and ratified by enough states (T/F)

A

False

284
Q

In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, the Supreme Court decided

A

That students should be transported long distances in order to achieve school integration

285
Q

After Nixon’s 1972 visit to China

A

The Beijing government took China’s place at the UN

286
Q

What did the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 do?

A

It provided a path to citizenship for millions of undocumented immigrants

287
Q

The effect of the lowering in value of the U.S. dollar during Richard Nixon’s first term was

A

Negative, because the world economy became unstable

288
Q

The Equal Rights Amendment

A

Stated that equality of rights under the law could not be abridged on account of sex

289
Q

Which statement is true of the war on drugs?

A

It grew out of public fear over crack use in urban areas

290
Q

Which of the following is evidence that freedom for women expanded in the 1970s?

A

Gender discrimination was banned in higher education

291
Q

When they were arrested, the burglars at the Watergate apartment complex were breaking into

A

The Democratic Party headquarters

292
Q

The Nixon administration

A

Created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

293
Q

What happened to many Black workers during the Reagan administration?

A

They lost manufacturing jobs when factories closed, and they lacked the education to join the technological industry

294
Q

What were the results of the U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia in 1970?

A

The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime

295
Q

During the 1970s, evangelical Christians

A

Significantly increased in number, as they became more vocal

296
Q

Which of the following formed part of the conservative agenda?

A

A strong critique of the welfare state

297
Q

Immediately after the end of the Vietnam War, Ford issued an unconditional pardon to all of the draft resisters (T/F)

A

False

298
Q

What did events surrounding the Watergate break-in and cover-up suggest about Richard Nixon?

A

He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies

299
Q

How did the experience of the 1970s shape America’s neoconservatives?

A

Economic problems heightened the appeal of lower taxes and reduced government regulation

300
Q

In which election year did a presidential candidate first claim he or she would “make America great again”?

A

1980

301
Q

Southern conservatives joined the movement for racial justice sparked by the Montgomery bus boycott (T/F)

A

False

302
Q

Martin Luther King Jr. gained inspiration for the idea of peaceful civil disobedience from whom?

A

Mahatma Gandhi

303
Q

Which factor accounted for the reduction of income inequality in America between 1950 and 1973?

A

A progressive income tax

304
Q

Which statement about 1950s consumer culture is true?

A

Television advertising linked consumption with a good middle-class life

305
Q

By the end of the 1950s, what problem was the car causing?

A

Pollution

306
Q

Which statement about industry is correct?

A

The unions’ success in raising wages inspired employers to mechanize more and more elements of manufacturing in order to reduce labor costs

307
Q

While ostensibly about providing Native Americans a better life, what was one consequence of the Urban Relocation Program enacted during the second half of the twentieth century?

A

The program was seen as an injustice and gave rise to a new generation of pan-Indian nationalists with stronger tribal ties than before

308
Q

By the 1950s, half of America’s black families

A

Lived in poverty

309
Q

Why did the Eisenhower administration embrace the doctrine of “massive retaliation”?

A

The constant threat of mutually assured destruction under the doctrine made for more cautious diplomacy

310
Q

Why were African Americans excluded from many new suburbs being built in the 1950s, like those in Levittown?

A

Banks and private developers refused to allow African Americans to purchase suburban homes

311
Q

Which Third World leader sought to reduce foreign corporations’ control over his country’s economy through sweeping land-reform policies?

A

Guatemalan leader Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán

312
Q

During the 1950s, which of the following functioned as economic engines of the U.S. economy?

A

Construction and spending on consumer goods

313
Q

In the 1960 presidential election, John F. Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon by a landslide (T/F)

A

False

314
Q

In his Montgomery, Alabama speech, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. used the language of what concept to promote his cause?

A

Freedom

315
Q

How did the United States violate the UN Charter in 1954?

A

By organizing a military attack to depose Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in Guatemala

316
Q

Who was the author of Howl (1955), a book written to protest materialism and conformism?

A

Allen Ginsberg

317
Q

Which statement best describes the thesis of David Riesman’s book The Lonely Crowd?

A

Americans were conformists and lacked the inner resources to lead truly independent lives

318
Q

Why did President Eisenhower use the CIA to overthrow the government of Iran in the early 1950s?

A

The government had attempted to nationalize British-owned oil fields

319
Q

Which statement best describes how the white South reacted to the Brown v. Board of Education decision?

A

Some states closed schools rather than integrate, and let white children opt out of integrated schools

320
Q

What ended the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A

The Supreme Court ruled segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional

321
Q

The National Defense Education Act marked the first time that the federal government provided direct funding for higher education (T/F)

A

True

322
Q

If the 1956 elections had been held in Vietnam as scheduled, they would have almost certainly resulted in a victory for Ngo Dinh Diem’s anticommunists (T/F)

A

False

323
Q

How did Los Angeles epitomize the new emphasis on the car in 1950s America?

A

People drove to and from work on a web of highways and shopped at malls only accessible by driving

324
Q

Which of the following assessments of the civil rights movement is most accurate?

A

The movement came as a great surprise and was predicted only by a few

325
Q

The American National Exhibition in Moscow equated what with freedom?

A

Consumption

326
Q

The percentage of families at or below the poverty rate increased during the 1950s (T/F)

A

False

327
Q

Modern Republicanism

A

Consolidated and legitimized the New Deal

328
Q

Ngo Dinh Diem

A

Was the anticommunist leader of South Vietnam

329
Q

Governor Orval Faunus of Arkansas responded to the court-ordered desegregation of Central High School

A

With defiance, refusing to comply and allowing violence to break out

330
Q

William Levitt gave many Americans the opportunity to

A

Become homeowners

331
Q

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

A

Was sparked when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man

332
Q

To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant

A

Individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated captialism

333
Q

Between 1946 and 1960, the American gross national product

A

More than doubled, and wages increased

334
Q

The emergence of a popular culture geared toward the incipient youth market suggested they conformed with middle-class norms (T/F)

A

False

335
Q

To what global issue did Martin Luther King Jr. link the struggle for civil rights in America?

A

Increasing freedom in Africa

336
Q

The idea of “mutually assured destruction”

A

Contributed to an atmosphere of impending fear

337
Q

How did American leaders react to their international reputation in terms of race relations?

A

They worried about their image overseas

338
Q

Which statement is true of Brown v. Board of Education?

A

It marked the “Warren Court” as an active agent of social change

339
Q

Labor and employers agreed to a new “social contract” that included which of the following provisions?

A

Unions left decisions regarding plant location in management’s hands

340
Q

During the 1950s, television

A

Became the most common source of information

341
Q

What made the Army-McCarthy hearings unusual for American television programming of the 1950s?

A

It was deeply political and controversial

342
Q

In the election of 1960, John F. Kennedy won a narrow victory despite

A

The anti-Catholic sentiment of many Protestants

343
Q

What was a basic objective of the Indian Urban Relocation Program?

A

To move Native Americans off the reservations and into major urban areas like Chicago and Denver

344
Q

This NAACP lawyer was instrumental in dismantling the legal basis for segregated schools in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case

A

Thurgood Marshall

345
Q

What was the result of urban renewal programs in cities like Detroit, Chicago, and Los Angeles?

A

Low-income neighborhoods were bulldozed and replaced with cultural amenities such as shopping malls, universities, and sporting venues

346
Q

The shopping mall was the inevitable result of

A

The growth of the suburbs

347
Q

Which of the following challenged the mass conformity of the 1950s?

A

Beat poet Allen Ginsberg

348
Q

America’s image abroad during the Cold War

A

Could be a source of embarrassment for diplomats courting the support of the nonwhite world

349
Q

Every southern congressman in the House of Representatives and Senate signed the Southern Manifesto in opposition to school integration (T/F)

A

False

350
Q

During the 1950s, American teenagers

A

Grew in number, cultivating their own popular culture

351
Q

Barry Goldwater’s conservative movement

A

Was strongly embraced by the Young Americans for Freedom

352
Q

What set President Lyndon B Johnson apart from his predecessor l, John F. Kennedy?

A

He grew up in a poor part of the United States

353
Q

What philosophy did the protesters at the Greensboro sit-in adhere to?

A

Nonviolence

354
Q

What best describes Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)?

A

Conservative students who aimed to take control of the Republican Party

355
Q

What did the Sharon Statement say?

A

Communism posed the greatest threat to liberty

356
Q

In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court declared the legality of interracial marriage (T/F)

A

True

357
Q

What did the Greensboro sit-in protest?

A

A lunch counter at Woolworth’s that refused to serve Blacks

358
Q

What did the 1967 Supreme Court Loving v. Virginia ruling make legal in all states?

A

Interracial marriage

359
Q

The violence in Birmingham was not surprising since it had a history of violence, most notably toward Blacks (T/F)

A

True

360
Q

Richard Nixon’s election to the presidency in 1968 inaugurated a period of radical liberalism in America (T/F)

A

False

361
Q

What immigration reforms did the 1965 Hart-Celler Act enact?

A

It established the first limit on immigrants from the Western Hemisphere

362
Q

What event forced John F. Kennedy to take meaningful action in support of the civil rights movement?

A

King’s demonstration in Birmingham

363
Q

Which of the following statements is true about Malcolm X?

A

He insisted Blacks should control their own resources

364
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the legacy of the War on Poverty?

A

It helped significantly reduce America’s incidence of poverty

365
Q

During the Freedom Summer

A

A coalition of civil rights groups launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi

366
Q

The 1963 March on Washington

A

Showed blacks and whites marching together

367
Q

What was the focus of The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan?

A

The discontents of middle-class women

368
Q

Which of the following is an example of American influence in the world in 1968?

A

Other countries borrowed American language and strategy for protests against authority

369
Q

What was Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged” an early call for?

A

Affirmative action

370
Q

Which of the following is true about the Bay of Pigs invasion?

A

It was a total failure

371
Q

Why are the riots in American cities during the 1960s best understood as battles?

A

Urban blacks saw the predominantly white police force as an occupying army

372
Q

What made the sit-ins in the 1960s distinctive?

A

For the first time, college students were a leading force for change

373
Q

The sexual revolution that accompanied the birth control pill was central to feminism’s “second wave” in the 1960s (T/F)

A

True

374
Q

What was a consequence of Engel v. Vitale?

A

The decision ruled prayers in public schools were unconstitutional

375
Q

Which of the following is considered the climax of the sixties in U.S. history?

A

The year 1968

376
Q

Which of the following statements is accurate of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?

A

It empowered federal officials to oversee voter registration

377
Q

Which of the following statements is true about women’s liberation?

A

It was a movement born of other movements where female activists had experienced discriminatory treatment for their male counterparts

378
Q

‘Second wave feminism’ refers to the women’s movement that largely focused on

A

Sexuality and reproductive rights

379
Q

The National Organization for Women (NOW) campaigned for which of the following?

A

Equal opportunities in politics

380
Q

What was important to conservatives in the 1960s?

A

Enforcing law and order

381
Q

What did the turmoil of 1968 lead to?

A

A conservative white backlash

382
Q

In the 1964 election Barry Goldwater suffered a major defeat even though he succeeded in the Deep South. What did this suggest?

A

There was a strong opposition among whites to the civil rights movement

383
Q

During the feminist movement, women came to believe that “the personal use of political,” this permanently changing Americans’ definition of freedom (T/F)

A

True

384
Q

What led many priests, nuns, and lay Catholics to become involved in social justice movements in the 1960s?

A

The Second Vatican Council initiated sweeping reforms in the Roman Catholic practice

385
Q

What occurred at the 1968 Democratic Party convention?

A

Tens of thousands of antiwar activists staged protests

386
Q

What was the centerpiece of Johnson’s Great Society?

A

The War on Poverty

387
Q

The War on Poverty

A

Concentrated on giving the poor skills and rebuilding their spirit and motivation

388
Q

What was distinctive about the new environmentalism of the 1960s?

A

It led Congress to pass a series of measures aimed at conservation

389
Q

Michael Harrington’s 1962 book The Other America revealed that

A

Millions of Americans lived in poverty “invisible” to the middle class

390
Q

Despite the National Indian Youth Council’s use of “fish-ins,” the courts did not restore Native American fishing rights in the Northwest (T/F)

A

False

391
Q

What group fought for the civil rights of and better economic opportunities for migrants?

A

United Farm Workers

392
Q

Which of the following groups was the leading force in advocating desegregation?

A

College students

393
Q

Why did the city of Birmingham start integrating downtown businesses in 1963?

A

Black children protesting in the streets were assaulted by police with nightsticks and attack dogs

394
Q

In what ways did counterculture represent the fulfillment of the consumer marketplace?

A

The counterculture extended the concept of individual choice into every realm of life

395
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 fail to address?

A

The right to vote in the South

396
Q

What likely influenced Lyndon Johnson’s choice to not seek reelection in 1968?

A

The public lost confidence in his administration’s ability to wage the Vietnam War

397
Q

The Hart-Celler Act did not alter the rate or national origin of immigration after 1965 (T/F)

A

False

398
Q

Why did King decide to send black schoolchildren to protest in the streets of Birmingham?

A

Believing the police would use force against them, he would use those images to build support for the civil rights movement

399
Q

Compared to the National Organization for women (NOW), the women’s liberation movement was

A

A more direct outgrowth of the New Left

400
Q

In addition to sit-ins, other forms of direct action

A

Attracted national attention, especially the 1961 “Freedom Rides”

AMH2020 FINAL (1 decks)

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