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Biology Honors-Energetics Science > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

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0
Q

What is ATP

A

A cmpd that is created with chemical energy that stores energy in the last phosphate group

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1
Q

ATP molecule

A

Adenine
5c ribose
3 phosphate groups

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2
Q

ATP ->

A

Adp and an inorganic phosphate group

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3
Q

Photosynthesis reactants

A

6 co2
6H2O
Light

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4
Q

What is autotroph

A

Self feeding. Use s light or chemicals or surroundings to feed itself and make food

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5
Q

Heterotrophs what are they

A

Eats other organisms and things to get energy

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6
Q

Chloroplast cross section

A

Go label it

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7
Q

Where is the…on the chloroplast

A 
Outer membrane
Innermembrane
Inter membrane space
Stroma
Granum
Thylakoids
Lamella
Lumen
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8
Q

What happens in the stroma

A

Calvincycle

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9
Q

What happens in the thylakoids and granum

A

Light reactions

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10
Q

What does the lamella do

A

Connects thylakoids

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11
Q

What is the lumen

A

Interior of any space

Interior of thylakoids

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12
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

They capture light

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13
Q

What colors do they reflect

A

They reflect green

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14
Q

Stages of photosynthesis

A

Light reactions

Calvin cycle

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15
Q

Where are the light reactions

A

Thykaloid/ granum

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16
Q

What happens in light reactions photo system 2

A

Generates ATP

Accessory chlorophyll captures light which excites its electrons.
The excited pigment releases the molecule where it is trapped by another and it bounces around until it gets to the2 chlorophyll-a. Where the chlorophyll a bounce not to the primary electron acceptor that sends it into the etc.

The splitting on hydrogen (hydrolysis) replace lost electrons

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17
Q

Light reactions photo system 1

A

Generates nadph+

Light excites electron…chlorophyll a , primary electron acceptor, ETC .

Electrons go through NADP+ reductase to make NADPH

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18
Q

Etc photo system 2

A

The electron is passed from protein to protein and as they do that, they use energy in the electron to bring 4 h+ in from stroma into thylakoids space (lumen) creating a higher concentration inside the thykaloid. The h+ diffuses out thought atpsynthase and spins it making ATP

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19
Q

Hydrolysis to replace electrons

A

The split makes 2 e- and O2 and 2 h+

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20
Q

Parts of a photosynthesis

A

Light harvesting complex

And. Reaction center complex

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21
Q

Light reactions equation

A

Light + ADP + H2O makes ATP + NADPH + O2

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22
Q

Where is the Calvin cycle

A

Stroma

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23
Q

What happens in Calvin cycle

A

Carbon enters In the form of CO2
The Calvin cycle uses rubisco enzyme , ATP, and NADPH to convert co2 into G3P, 3 carbon sugar

ATP is energy source.
NADPH adds high energy electrons to make the sugar
Rubisco is always conserved

Several intermediate carbon sugars are made and rearranged before g3p is made

The adp and NADP+ is returned to the light reactions

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24
Q

How many ATP and NADPH needed for Calvin cycle

A

9 and 6

6 ATP for forming G3P
3 for regenerating ruBP

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25
Q

RuBP

A

Co2 acceptor

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26
Q

Purpose for Calvin cycle

A

Make sugars

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27
Q

Equation for Calvin cycle

A

9ATP + 6NADPH + 3CO2 makes ADP + NADP+ + G3P

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28
Q

Primary purpose of light reactions

A

Make materials for Calvin cycle

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29
Q

Most abundant protein on earth

A

Rubisco

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30
Q

What does rubisco do

A

Helps convert 3co2 into G3P

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31
Q

Where do the mass in a plant come from*

A

Water

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32
Q

4 stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Intermediate reaction
Krebs cycle
ETC/ chemiosmosis

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33
Q

Glycolysis where

A

Cytoplasm

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34
Q

What happens

A

Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules using ATP and enzymes

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35
Q

Equation cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 makes 6Co2 + 6H2O + 36-38ATP

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36
Q

Equation glycolysis

A

C6h12o6 + ADP + Nad+ makes 2 pyruvates 2ATP + 2 NADH

Pyruvate sent to intermediate reaction
NADH sent to etc

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37
Q

Intermediate reaction what happens

A

Pyruvate is made into acetic acid (2c)

Coenzyme A bonds to acetic acid making acetyl coA

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38
Q

Krebs cycle where

A

Matrix

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39
Q

Krebs cycle what happens

A

Acetyl coA is broken down into co2 and the energy released is used to generate NADH and FADH2

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40
Q

Krebs cycle equation

A

Acetyl coA + FAD+ NAD+ makes 4 CO2 + h2O+ 4 ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2

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41
Q

Intermediate reaction equation

A

2 pyruvate makes 2co2 + 2 acetyl coA

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42
Q

ETC where

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria

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43
Q

Etc what happens

A

Uses Nadh and fadh2 to generate ATP

The NADH donates an electron to the first molecule in the chain and the first electron acceptor uses the energy to pump a hydrogen across inner membrane from matrix to inter membrane space. The on it passes the electron on making a concentration gradient and h+ leaves throu ATP synthase making ATP. When energy is used up in electron. It is passed to oxygen , the final electron acceptor. The oxygen is now negative because it received an e- and a H+ and is reduced to h2o

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44
Q

ETC equation

A

NADH + FADH2 + O2 makes h2o + 32-34 ATP

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45
Q

2 types of anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic acid fermentation alcoholic fermentation

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46
Q

Lactic acid fermentation example

A

Muscles..

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47
Q

Alcoholic fermentation example

A

Yeast. Foods.

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48
Q

Lactic acid where

A

Muscles liver

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49
Q

Lactic acid fermentation what happens

A

Instead of using the ETC, the electrons from NADH are added to pyruvic acid making lactic acid.

Lactic acid is carried back to the liver and regenerated into pyruvic acid

50
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Makes bread beer wine

51
Q

How many ATP are actually produced in glycolysis

A

4

52
Q

How many net ATP are produced in glycolysis

A

2

53
Q

How many total ATP are produced I aerobic respiration

A

36-38

54
Q

Final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen

55
Q

Cellular respiration diagram

A

Aw man

56
Q

What is energy

A

The capacity to do work.

57
Q

Energy coupling

A

Transfer of energy from catabolism to anabolism

Like energy from light reactions is used to make glucose.

58
Q

Thermodynamics

A

T

Study of the transfer of energy

59
Q

2 lAw of thermodynamics

A

Conservation of energy

Anytime kinetic is converted to potential, energy is lost to environment (heat)

60
Q

Why do we need energy

A

We use energy to do work

61
Q

Kinetic vs potential energy

A

Kinetic is from motion of object

Potential energy comes from the position of object

62
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes in the body

63
Q

Why do leaves change color in the fall?

A

1 Temperature lowers and there is less water so the green chlorophyll die and the acessory pigments are able to be viewed
2 Light exposure there is note nought light so there is no point in chlorophyll so they die and the other pigments can be seen

64
Q

Leaf cross section

A

Yay

65
Q

Stoma function

A

Gas exchange

66
Q

Guard cells function

A

Regulate stoma

67
Q

Stomata 2 parts

A

Guard cells and stoma

68
Q

Cuticle function

A

Waxy coating to protect from water loss

69
Q

Upper and lower epidermis

A

Protect

70
Q

Mesophyll

A

Most photosynthesis happens there because they have more chlorophyll than anywhere else

71
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Channels light to the spongy mesophyll

72
Q

Spongey mesophyll

A

Most photosynthesis happens

Fill of air spaces for gas exchange

73
Q

Vein

A

Transports water and nutrients

74
Q

Pigments

A 
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Xanthophyll
Carotene
Anthocyanin
75
Q

Chlorophyll a color

A

Green

76
Q

Chlorophyll a function

A

Reaction center complex

Transports electrons to primary electron acceptor

77
Q

Chlorophyll b color

A

Yellow green

78
Q

Chlorophyll b function

A

Accessory pigment

79
Q

Xanthophyll. Color

A

Yellow

80
Q

Xanthophyll function

A

Accessory pigment

81
Q

Carotene pigment color

A

Orange

82
Q

Carotene function

A

Accessory pigment

83
Q

Anthocynin pigment color

A

Red

84
Q

Anthocynin function pigment

A

Accessory pigment

85
Q

Energy coupling in ATP ADP

A

Hydrolysis (catabolic) makes ATP lose a P group and releases energy

Dehydration synthesis (anabolic) makes ADP get a P group and energy is stored

86
Q

Different types of work

A

Mechanical
Transport
Chemical

87
Q

Mechanical work

A

Muscle…

88
Q

Transport work

A

Substances across cell membrane (active transport)

89
Q

Chemical work

A

Making polymers through anabolic pathways

90
Q

Mitochondria parts!

A

wow

91
Q

Granule

A

Idk

92
Q

Ribosome

A

Nope

93
Q

Cristae

A

Increase surface area for reactions

94
Q

Inter membrane space

A

Makes ATP
ATP synthase.

Part of the ETC

95
Q

Matrix

A

Krebs cycle occurs

96
Q

Inner membrane

A

ETC

97
Q

Label chloroplast

A

Hahahahah

98
Q

Outer membrane

A

Protect

99
Q

Inter membrane space

A

Ok

100
Q

Inner membrane

A

Ok

101
Q

Stroma

A

Mostly water

Calvin cycle

102
Q

Granum

A

Stacks of thykaloids

Light dependent reactions

103
Q

Thykaloids

A

Chlorophyll found here

Light reactions

104
Q

Lamella

A

Connects thykaloids

105
Q

Lumen

A

Interior of thykaloids

ATP synthase

106
Q

Calorie

A

How much energy is in a food

107
Q

Phosphorylated

A

The recipient of 3rd phosphate group

108
Q

Our body is how efficiency

A

40%

109
Q

Lactic acid fermentation what?

A

Glucose broken down by glycolysis to make 2 net ATP and lactic acid

110
Q

Alcoholic fermentation wtheck?

A

Glucose broken down by glycolysis to make 2 net ATP and ethyl alcohol and co2 occurs I yeasts under low o2 conditions

111
Q

C4 plants

A

Co2 is turned into 4c compound first

Pep carboxylase is used instead of rubisco for co2 uptake
But rubisco is still used for ps

Faster in high temps and high light intensity and better water efficiency

Stomata not open so long

112
Q

Cam plants

A

Co2 turned into acid first which is stored through the night and broken down during day to give co2 to rubisco,

Stomata open only at night

Better water efficiency
In dry places

Able to idle

113
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Microbe that uses oxygen and cellular respiration

114
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Cells harmed by oxygen

Fermentation

115
Q

Facultative aerobe

A

Cellular respiration or fermentation

116
Q

Energy cycle k to p to k

A

Sun makes kinetic waves
Plants convert it to chemical/ potential energy as glucose
Humans eat plants and it stays chemical potential energy as ATP
Humans use it to do mechanical and transport work and that is kinetic energy

117
Q

Photo autotrophs

A

Use light to make own food

118
Q

Leo goes ger

A

Lose an electron oxidized

Gain an electron reduced

119
Q

C4 example

A

Corn starch

120
Q

Cam example

A

Cactus

Succulent plants

121
Q

Phleom

A

Shoots to roots

Sugar

122
Q

Xylum

A

Roots to shoots

Water

123
Q

Chemotrophs food source

A

Sulfur and ammonia

Biology Honors-Energetics Science (4 decks)

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