Study Guide Flashcards
1
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
consists of the brain and spinal cord
2
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PNS (peripheral nervous system)
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consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord
3
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nerves
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organs that contain bundles of nerve fivers (axons) that carry information to and from the CNS
4
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ganglia
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Collections of nerve cell bodies that lie outside the CNS
5
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parts of a typical neuron
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cell body, dendrites, axon
6
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cell body (soma)
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contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life
7
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dendrites
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primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
8
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axon
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sends signals: they branch at the distal end and each branch ends in a synaptic knob which forms a junction with another cell
9
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Features of Neurons
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excitability, conductivity, secretion
10
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secretion
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a neurotransmitter is secreted when an electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber that passes a message to other cells
11
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Excitabilty (Irritability)
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can respond to environmental changes called stimuli
12
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conductivity
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neurons respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals
13
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afferent neurons
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Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system
14
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efferent neurons
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Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system
15
Q
what are the four kinds of neuroglia found in the CNS
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oligodentrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes
16
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Oligodendrocytes
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Form myelin sheath in CNS and wrap around nerve fibers and insulate them from extracellular fluid, speeding up signal conduction
17
Q
ependymal cells
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produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid and fills the spaces, they resemble cuboidal cells and line internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord
18
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Microglia
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small macrophages that derive from white blood cells; wander through CNS and phagocytize organisms
19
Q
Astrocytes
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most abundant CNS neuroglia; provide support and nourishment through a variety of functions: Structural support, blood brain-barrier, etc..
20
Q
The two kind of neuroglia found in the PNS
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Schwann cells and satellite cells
21
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Schwann cells
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produce myelin in PNS and assist in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in the PNS
22
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satellite cells
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surround neuron cell bodies in PNS and regulate the chemical environment; provide support and nourishment
23
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The automatic nervous system
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the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
24
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ANS effectors
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glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle; ANS is not required for this activity but modulates it
25
sympathetic division of ANS
fight or flight and prepares the body to put out energy; speeds up heart, increase blood pressure, dilates pupils, makes more glucose available
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parasympathetic nervous system of ANS
rest and digest, slows down heart rate, decrease blood pressure etc..
27
upper motor neurons
begins with soma in the cerebral cortex and has an axon that terminates on a lower motor neuron brain and spinal cord
28
lower motor neurons
axons leave the CNS, extend through PNS to skeletal muscles. (aka effector)
29
Three layers of connective tissue of a nerve
perineurium, endoneurium, epineurium
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perineurium
surrounds nerve fascicles
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Endoneurium
loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths
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epineurium
Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve including fascicles and blood vessels.
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neurosoma
control center of the neuron
34
Nissl bodies
RER in neurons -- synthesize enzymes (e.g., ChAT) and peptide neurotransmitters.
35
Dendrites
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
36
axon
sends messages to other neurons
37
three meninges associated with spinal cord
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
38
dura mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
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arachnoid mater
weblike middle layer of the three meninges
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pia mater
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges that follows the contours of the spinal cord
41
what part of the nervous system controls movement of hands
- somatic
- Brachial plexus
42
what is found in the central canal of the spinal cord
remnant of lumen of the embryonic neural tube; collapsed in most areas of the adult spinal cord but in some places it remains open and is line with ependymal cells and filled with cerebrospinal vluid
43
first order neuron
detects a stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brainstem
44
second order neurons
continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem
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third order neurons
carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex; level of consciousness
46
Decussation
The anatomical crossing over of neurons from left to right
47
reflex
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
48
four properties of a reflex
require stimulation, quick, involuntary, stereotyped
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properities of reflex: require stimulation
not spontaneous actions, but responses to sensory input
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properities of reflex: quick
involve few if any interneurons and minimal synaptic delay
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propeties of reflex: involuntary
done without will or conscious control; difficult to suppress
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properities of reflex: sterotyped
occur essentially the same way every time
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visceral reflex
unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors and effectors; controlled by the ANS
54
somatic reflex
activation of skeletal muscles; controlled by somatic nervous system
55
components of a reflex arc
1. somatic receptor
2. afferent nerve fibers/sensory neurons
3. integration center
4. efferent nerve fibers
5. effector/skeletal muscles
56
somatoc receptors
Sensory receptors in the skin, muscle, and tendons
57
afferent nerve fibers
axons that carry information into the posterior horn of the spinal cord
58
integrating center
a neural pool in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem; has 1 or more interneuron and determines wether the efferent neuron issues a signal to the muscle
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efferent nerve fibers
carry motor impulses to skeletal muscle
60
skeletal muscle
somatic effectors that carry out the response
61
5 plexus of spinal nerves
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexus
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cervical plexus
located in neck; nerves C1-C5; gives rise to phrenic nerves which supply the diaphragm and play an essential role in breathing
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brachial plexus
located in shoulder; C5-C8, T1; important nerves are the radial and musculocutaneous nerve
64
lumbar plexus
located in lower back; L1-L4 with some fibers from T12; includes femoral nerve- supplies quadriceps femoris, sartorius and muscles of skin of thigh
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scaral plexus
located below the lumbar; L4-S4; gives off the sciatic nerve
66
coccygeal plexus
located in the lower sacrum and coccyx; S4, S5, and Co1
67
medulla oblongata
develops from myelencephalon
location: extends from foramen magnum to pons
Anatomical features: contain anterior surface bulges called pyramids(medial) and olives(lateral)
function: regulates several basic physiological functions; cardiac center, two respiratory centers, associated with gagging and vomiting
68
pons
develops from metencephalon
location: a bulge anterior to the medulla oblongata
Function: sleep, and bladder control also involved in facial sensation and expression
69
midbrain
develops from mesencephalon
location: short segment of brainstem that connects hindbrain and forebrain (runs between cerebrum and brainstem)
includes: cerebral aqueduct, tectum, tegmentum
70
substantia nigra
located within midbrain
function: relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal nuclei of cerebrum, improves motor performance by suppressing unwanted motor contractions, degeneration can lead to parkinsons disease
71
limbic system
ring of structures on the medial side of each cerebral that plays a role in learning and emotional behavior,
72
hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
73
special senses
vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium
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vision
signals received by the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
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hearing
signals received by primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe in the nearby insula
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equilibrium
signals from the inner ear for balance
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taste
gustatory signals recieved by the primary gustatory cortex in the parietal lobe
78
smell
primary olfactory cortex lies in the temporal and frontal lobes
79
postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex; senses are distributed over the body
location: parietal lobe
80
Wernicke's area
controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
81
Broca's area
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
82
corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
83
thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
84
hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
85
amygdala
creates emotions and memories
86
hippocampus
critical to the creation/consolidation of long-term declarative memories; declarative memories- retention of facts you can put into words (names, dates)
87
what contributes to the blood-brain barrier
physical connection of astrocytes and blood vessels
88
somatic motor system
sends voluntary signals to skeletal muscles
89
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart).
90
preganglionic neuron
in the autonomic nervous system of the PNS, a neuron that has its cell body located in the CNS and whose axon extends into the PNS to synapse with a second neuron at an autonomic ganglion (the second neuron's axon synapses with the target organ)
91
postganglionic neuron
in the autonomic division of the PNS, a neuron that has its cell body located in an autonomic ganglion (where a pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with it) and whose axon synapses with the target organ
92
adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine and is the inner core of the adrenal glands
93
the five primary taste sensations
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
94
difference between taste and flavor
taste: mixture of the five primary taste sensations
flavor: mixture of the fie primary taste sensations as well as texture, smell and state of mind
95
which nerve endings are found in the skin
1. tactile (merkel) discs- receptors for light touch and pressure
2. hair receptors (peritrichial endings)- monitor movements of hair
3. tactile (meissner) corpuscles- receptors fo light touch, texture, and low frequency vibrations
4. ruffini corpuscles: constant, heavy pressure
5. lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles- deep pressure, stretch, and high-frequency vibration
96
muscles for upward and doward movement of the eye
superior rectus- moves gaze up
inferior rectus- moves gaze down
97
orbit
the bony socket that holds the eyeball
98
accessories of the orbit
eyebrow, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles
99
eyebrows
keep sweat out of eyes and enhance facial expression
100
eyelids
moisten eye with tears, sweep debris from surface, block foreign object and block light
101
conjuctiva
mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball; keeps eye from drying
102
lacrimal apparatus
consists of the lacrimal gland and a number of ducts that drain the lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity
103
extrinsic eye muscles
Six muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye and produce eye movements
104
rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond; each disc is studded with a visual pigment called rhodopsin (monochromic vision)
105
cones
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.; the pigments found in them are photopsins and respon to wavelength
106
cochela
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses winds around the modiolus
107
cochlear duct
a fluid filled cavity within the cochlea that vibrates when sound waves strike it "organ of hearing"
108
spiral duct
organ of corti is within the cochlear duct and generates auditory nerve signals; has 4 rows of hair cells 1 row of inner and 3 rows of outer
109
inner hair cells
responsible for hearing which supply 90-95% of the sensory fibers of the cochlear nerve
110
outer hair cells
function to adjust the response of the cochlea to different frequencies and enable the inner hair cells to work with greater precision
111
scala vestibuli
chamber above the vestibular membrane; the upper bony passage of the cochlea; contains perilymph
112
scala tympani
chamber below basilar membrane; contains perilymph
113
static equilibrium
A condition where there are no net external forces acting upon a particle or rigid body and the body remains at rest or continues at a constant velocity.
114
dynamic equilibrium
perception of motion or acceleration
115
linear acceleration
the rate of change in linear velocity (straight line)
116
angular acceleration
change in rate of rotation
117
what is responsible for detecting linear acceleration and static equilibrium
saccule and utricle
118
what is responsible for the detection of angular acceleration
semicircular ducts
119
neural components of the eye
retina and optic nerve
120
retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
121
optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
122
what is the inside rear of the eyeball called
fundus
123
macula lutea
patch of cells on visual axis of eye (retina)
124
fovea centralis
tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision
125
referred pain
pain that feels as if it is coming from some part of the body other than the part being stimulated
126
example of referred pain
left arm pain during a heart attack
