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Chemisty > study guide > Flashcards

study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable explanation of a situation or phenomena

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2
Q

Theory

A

An explanation of a natural phenomenon based on many observations and investigation over time.

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3
Q

Scientific Law

A

a relationship in nature that is supported by many experiments.

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4
Q

Science

A

is the use of evidence to construct testable explanations and prediction of natural phenomena, as well as, the knowledge generated through this process.

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5
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of matter and the changes that it undergoes

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6
Q

Pure research

A

Conducted to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself.

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7
Q

Applied research

A

Conducted to solve a specific problem

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8
Q

Model

A

Is a visual, verbal, or mathematical explanationof experimental data

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9
Q

Substance

A

(a.k.a. a chemical) is matter that has a definite and uniform composition.

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10
Q

Mass

A

Is a measurement that reflecs that amount of matter.

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11
Q

Weight

A

is a measure not only of the amount of matter but also of the effect of Earth’s gravitational pull on that matter

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12
Q

Second

A

Time

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13
Q

Meter

A

Length

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14
Q

Kilogram

A

Mass

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15
Q

Kelvin

A

The SI base unit for temperature is the kelvin (K)

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16
Q

Derived unit

A

a unit that is defined by combination of base units (volume (cm^3) and density (g/cm^3)).

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17
Q

Liter

A

volume

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18
Q

Density

A

is a physical property of matter and is defined as the amount of mass per unit volume.

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19
Q

Graph

A

is a visual display of data

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20
Q

Significant figures

A

include all known digits plus one estimated digit

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21
Q

Scientific notation

A

can be used to express any number as a number between 1 and 10 multiplied b 10 raised to a power.

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22
Q

Dimensional factor

A

used to convert from one set of units to another

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

is the variable that a scientist deliberately changes during an experiment.

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24
Q

Dependent variable

A

variable whose value depends on, or changes in response to, the independent variable

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25
Q

Crystallization

A

is a seperation technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance

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26
Q

Filtration

A

is a technique that uses a porous barrier to seperate a solid from a liquid

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27
Q

Sublimation

A

is the process during which a solid changes to vapor without melting, i.e., without going thorugh the liquid phase.

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28
Q

Crystal Lattice

A

is the arrangement of these atoms, or groups of atoms in a crystal

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29
Q

Lattice energy

A

is the energy required to break apart an ionic solid and convert its compnent atoms into gaseous ions

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30
Q

Formula unit

A

the simplest ratio of ions represented in an ionic compound

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31
Q

Distillation

A

is a physical separtion technique that is based on differences in the boiling points of the substance involved

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32
Q

Chromatography

A

is a technique that separates that components of a mixture dissolved in either a gas or a liquid based on the ability of each component to travel or to be drawn across the surface of a fixed substrate

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33
Q

Chemical change

A

a process that involves one or more substances changing into new substances

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34
Q

Physical change

A

a change such as this which alters a substance without changing its composition

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35
Q

Compound

A

made up of two or more diffent elements that are comined chemically in a fixed ratio

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36
Q

Mixture

A

is a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its indivdual chemical properties

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37
Q

Element

A

is a pure substance that cannot be separted into simpler substances by physical or chemical means

38
Q

Solution

A

what homogeneous mixtures are referred to

39
Q

Phase change

A

is a transition of matter from one state to another

40
Q

Conservation of mass

A

states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction–it’s conserved

41
Q

Vapor

A

refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or a liquid at room temperature.

42
Q

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

A

explains that the conservation of mass in chemical reactions is the result of the rearrangement of atoms during the reaction

43
Q

Proton

A

positively charged ion

44
Q

Neutron

A

is a subatomic particle that has a mass nearly equal to that of a proton, but carries no elecric charge.

45
Q

Electron

A

negatively charged particles that are part of all forms of matter

46
Q

Atomic mass

A

of an element is the weighted average mass of the isotopes of that element

47
Q

Atomic number

A

the number of protons in an atom

48
Q

Mass number

A

quantity of matter contained in an atom of an element.

49
Q

Atomic mass unity

A

measure of atomic mass

50
Q

Atom

A

is a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element.

51
Q

Nucleus

A

Atomic nuclei consist of electrically positive protons and electrically neutral neutrons.

52
Q

Cathode ray

A

cathode ray, stream of electrons leaving the negative electrode (cathode) in a discharge tube containing a gas at low pressure,

53
Q

Isotopes

A

An isotope is one of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number and position in the periodic table and nearly identical chemical behavior but with different atomic masses and physical properties.

54
Q

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

A

we cannot know both the position and speed of a particle, such as a photon or electron, with perfect accuracy

55
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Radiation that has both electric and magnetic fields and travels in waves.

56
Q

Amplitude

A

is the displacement of a wave from zero.

57
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ions

58
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ions

59
Q

Ion

A

an atom or bonded group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

60
Q

Chemical bond

A

Any rearrangement of electrons in two atoms that generates a force, causing the atoms to be bound to each other, forming a molecule.

61
Q

Ionic bond

A

the electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged particles together in an ionic compound

62
Q

Metallic bond

A

the force of attraction between these free-moving (delocalised) electrons and positive metal ions

63
Q

Frequency

A

the number of waves that pass a certain point in a specified amount of time.

64
Q

Wavelength

A

In a wave the distance between any given point and the same point in the next wave cycle.

65
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

complete range of all types of radiation that has both electric and magnetic fields and travels in waves.

66
Q

Photon

A

tiny particle that comprises waves of electromagnetic radiation.

67
Q

Ground state

A

the lowest energy state of an atom or other particle.

68
Q

Quantum number

A

The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of the electron in an atom

69
Q

Atomic orbital

A

a mathematical term in atomic theory and quantum mechanics that describes the position and wavelike behaviour of an electron in an atom

70
Q

Principal quantum number

A

describes the energy of an electron and the most probable distance of the electron from the nucleus

71
Q

Electron configuration

A

the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around an atomic nucleus.

72
Q

Valence

A

the property of an element that determines the number of other atoms with which an atom of the element can combine.

73
Q

Electron dot diagram

A

diagrams in which the valence electrons of an atom are shown as dots distributed around the element’s symbol.

74
Q

Groups

A

a column in the periodic table of the chemical elements.

75
Q

Period

A

The horizontal rows of the periodic table

76
Q

Alkali metals

A

any of the six chemical elements that make up Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table

77
Q

Actinide series

A

atomic numbers 89-103

78
Q

Transition elements

A

elements that have partially filled d orbitals.

79
Q

Nonmetal

A

right side of the periodic table

80
Q

Representative elements

A

elements from groups 1, 2, and 13-18 in the modern periodic table, possessing a wide range of chemical and physical properties

81
Q

Halogen

A

a highly reactive groupd 17 element

82
Q

Lanthanides series

A

in the periodic table, the f-block elements from period 6 that follow the element lanthanum

83
Q

Noble gas

A

an extremely unreactive group 18 element

84
Q

Metal

A

an element that is solid at room temp., a good conductor of heat and electricity, and generally is shiny; most metals are ductile and malleable.

85
Q

Metalloid

A

an element that had physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals

86
Q

Inner Transition metal

A

a type of group B element that is contained in the f-block of the periodic table and is characterized by a filled outermost orbital, and filled or partially filled 4f and 5f orbitals.

87
Q

Alkaline earth metals

A

groupd 2 elements in the modern periodic table and are highly reactive

88
Q

Ionic

A

are compounds made up of ions that form charged particles when an atom (or group of atoms) gains or loses electrons.

89
Q

Ionization energy

A

the energy required to remove an electronn from a gaseous atom; generally increases in moving from left-to-right across a period and decreases in moving down a group

90
Q

Electronegativity

A

indicates the relative ability of an element’s atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond

91
Q

Octet rule

A

states that atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to acquire the stable electron configuration of a noble gas

Chemisty (2 decks)

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