study guide Flashcards
what are the functions of the urinary system
regulating blood volume
stabilizing pH
eliminating organic wastes
secrete the hormones erythropoietin, calcitrol, and the enzyme renin
activation of vitamin D
regulation of water and electrolyte balances (Na, K, Cl, etc)
regulation of acid-base balance (pH) by controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine
regulation of (blood) arterial pressure
how is the kidney involved with normal bone ossifaction and development?
kidneys produce calcitriol
through which organ urine is eliminated
urethra
give the correct order in which urine passes, through the following structures
collecting duct
renal pyramids
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
what is the prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney
hilum
which is the cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces
renal pelvis
through which blood vessel, blood leaves the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
what is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance passes during filtration?
capillary endothelium
dense layer
filtration slits
capsular space
what are renal columns
bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex
in which part of the nephron the macula densa is found?
the distal convoluted tubule
name the hormones produced by the kidneys
erythropoietin
calcitriol
name the enzyme produced by the kidneys
renin
what is the role of kidneys in the activation of vitamin D
25-hydrocholecalciferol is hydroxylated to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
what is the primary fucntion of the proximal convoluted tubule
absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, water
the following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood tot he kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels
renal artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
cortical radiate artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillary
renal vein
what represents the amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys in one minute
glomerular filtration rate
by which method kidneys maintain the acid-base equilibrium of the body fluid
by reabsorption of bicarbonate ions and excretion of hydrogen ions
which hormone is responsible for making the distal and collecting tubule of the nephron to be permeable to water
anti diuretic hormone
if ADH is absent what type of urine will be produced
hypotonic urine
diabetes insipidus is a rare disease caused by deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes polyuria (excessive passage of urine)
where does potassium secretion take place in kidneys
distal tubule
which element is retained by the action of aldosterone on kidney tubules
sodium
in kidneys urine formation starts with filtration. It is possible because
efferent arteriole is narrower than afferent arteriole
in which segment of the nephron is sodium transported out of the nephron
proximal convoluted tubule
what is the composition of blood in the renal artery and renal vein
renal artery contains more oxygen, less carbon dioxide, and more urea than renal vein
in which part of the renal tubule most of the water reabsorbed
proximal colvulted tubule
which part of the nephron is permeable to water due to ADH
last 1/3 of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
when the pH of the blood is low, which substance is likely to be excreted in larger quantities in the urine
hydrogen ions
which process in the kidney regualtes the H+ concentration of the blood
tubular secretion
what is Angiotensinogen
a protein produced in the liver and present in the blood plasma
which process produces urea
deamination
excess amino acid are broken down in the liver to produce urea
which cells produce renin
juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent and efferent arterioles
where is urea produced
liver
what is the correct path of the flow of glomerular filtrate in the kidneys
glomerulus
proximal tubule
henle’s loop
distal tubule
collecting duct
renal papilla
renal pelvis
what is renin, give its function
renin is an enzyme produced by kidneys
function: converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen formed in the liver to angiotensin 1
it is produced when the blood pressure and glomerular filtrate volume decrease
what is the role of angiotensin 2 maintaining blood pressure
angiotensin 2 constricts the walls of arterioles closing down capillary beds
stimulates the proximal tubules in the kidney to reabsorb sodium ions
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
stimulates thirst
triggers release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
stimulates reabsorption of water in distal portion of DCT and collecting system
mobilizing the venous reserve
increasing cardiac output
stimulating peripheral vasoconstriction
elevating arterial pressures throughout body
an obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone limits the flow of urine between which 2 points
renal pelvis
urinary bladder
what effect does eating a high-protein diet have on the composition of urine
increased urea
damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure
juxtaglomerular apparatus
how are cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons structurally different
juxtamedullary nephrons have longer nephron loops
what is the composition of the filtrate in the capsular space
similar to plasma, only no proteins
which mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure
increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex
a patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. which of the following causes this condition
absence of ADH
what is the area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the 2 ureters and the urethra
trigone
where do the renal veins drain blood into
inferior vena cava
the cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells from the
juxtaglomerular complex
what is the structural and functional unit of kidneys
nephron
what is the function of vasa recta
to create the osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kideny to produce hypertonic urine
involves the reabsorption in to the medullary interstitial fluid of Na+, Cl-, urea, and water
acculmation of excess of these substances in the medulla is prevented by their removal in to the blood stream by vasa recta
what are the 3 processes involved in urine formation
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
what are the advantages of tubular reabsorption
very important to conserve water, ions, and important nutrients in out body
also helps to control blood pH
main purpose of tubular secretion
removes wastes and regulate the H+ concentration of the blood
how is sodium reabsorbed in the proximal part of the tubule
by contransport with bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, and phosphate
water follows the Na+
what is the role of aldosterone in maintaining blood pressure
stimulates tubular reabsorption of sodium
water follows sodium ions out of the nephron in to the peritubular capillaries thus restoring the blood volume and blood pressure
increases the strength of the heartbeat
stimulates the pituitary to release the ADH or vasopressin
all these action lead to an increase in blood pressure
what are the componets of the juxtaglomerular appartus
consists of macula densa cells in the initial portion of the distal tubule and juxaglomerular cells in the walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles and the lacis or extraglomerular cells (unknown function)
function of macula densa
a fall in tubular Na+ and Cl- is detected by the macula densa and causes an increased renin secretion
what is the function of juxtaglomerular cells
of the afferent and efferent arterioles secrete renin and stores renin
what are the methods by which acid-base balance is maintained in our body
kidneys excrete H+ ions and conserve base (HCO3)
buffer systems bind free H+
lungs eliminate CO2
what are the common kidney diseases
chronic kidney diseases (CKD)
kidney failure
kidney stones
diabetes insipidus
what are the layers of the wall is the ureters
inner mucosa
middle muscular layer
outer connective tissue layer
which enzyme activate angiotensin 1 in to activated angiotensin 2 (active form)
enzyme produced by the endothelial lining of the blood capillaries of the alveoli
what are the 2 factors that inhibit the secretion of ADH
increase in blood volume
increase in blood pressure inhibit the secretion of ADH
