Study Guide Flashcards
DNA
molecule containing the information that determines the traits that a living thing inherits and needs to live
Asexual Reproduction
one organism reproduces to create one or more offspring that are an exact duplicate of the parent
Cell Division
one cell divides to produce more that one cell (theorized by Virchow)
Cell Cycle
cycle of how a cell lives, cells spend most of their time in Interphase
Spindle Fibers
part of cell used during division to pull chromosome apart
Centrioles
part of the cell where spindle fibers attach
Centromere
structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids, where spindle fibers attach
Chromosomes
compacted chromatin (DNA) in visible X shaped structure that appear in Prophase (in Interphase the DNA is still in string form and copying)
Interphase
part of the cell cycle when the cell is NOT dividing (not part of mitosis) DNA is duplicated (replicated/copied), cell spends most of its time
Cell PREPARES to divide
G1: cells grows, organelles replicate
S1: DNA replicates
G2: cell grows, centrioles replicate
Mitosis
part of the cell cycle during which the nucleus divides
PMAT Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Prophase
first phase of Mitosis, chromosomes begin to appear (DNA has coiled/wrapped up causing the chromosomes to appear)
Chromosomes and Spindle Fibers appear
Centrioles move to opposite ends
Metaphase
chromosomes line along equator (Meta = meet in the middle)
Spindle fibers attach to centrioles and centromeres
Anaphase
chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends (Ana Away)
Spindle fibers shorten and move to opposite ends
Telophase
last stage of mitosis
cytoplasm begins to divide
two nuclei
Spindle fibers disappear
Cytokinesis
division of the parent cells cytoplasm
Daughter Cell
new cell created from division
Sexual Reproduction
two organisms reproduce to create one or more offspring that are a combination of both parents’ genes (inherit one set of DNA from each parent)
PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
Meiosis
*Makes 4 haploid sex cells
*Haploid - half of # of chromosomes (23 human single)
*Goes through 2 cycles of Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase
Meiosis forms sex cells
two sex cells become fertilized
zygote goes through mitosis
Haploid
half the # of chromosomes (23 human single)
Sex Cells
cells created by meiosis
also called GAMETES
Sperm
male sex cell (male gamete)
Egg
female sex cell (female gamete)
Fertilization
when two sex cells join
