Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio exam 1 > study guide 1 > Flashcards

study guide 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

when valence e- come close enough to cause nonspecific interactions

A

Van Der Waals interacitons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hydrophobic macromolecule than can fold flat or form kinks in structure

A

lipids ( saturated is flat, unsaturated in kinked)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

purpose is protection, long-term energy storage, phospho____ create cell membrane foundation

A

lipid purpose (phospholipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Saturated is typically_______ at room temp

A

saturated, flat-formed lipids (from single bonds) allow them to stay closer together and be dense or solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

unsaturated is typically ________ at room temp

A

liquid, the kinks in the structure (from double bonds) create more space between the fatty acid chains- less dense, or liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

phospholipids are _____ with a _____ head and ______ tail

A

amphipathic, polar, nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

polar molecules are hydro___

A

phillic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nonpolar molecules are hydro______

A

phobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cholesterol is an example of this kind of lipid

A

steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

steroid structure

A

four distinct rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

this kind of molecule moves smoothly through the cell membrane

A

small and nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when cholesterol, a steroid, is bound to cell membrane the permeability

A

reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hormone regulation, energy storage, insulating, protecting

A

lipid purposes in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a solution with a LOWER solute concentration than the comparative solution (think cell in water, the water would be what)

A

hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a solution with a HIGHER solute concentration than the comparative solution (think cell in water, the cell would be what?)

A

hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a protein than spans the membrane from inside to out

A

integral protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a protein that attaches only to a small portion of the membrane

A

peripheral protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

formed from micelles when fatty acids are put into a solution

A

detergent (allows whatever is enclosed to slip past the membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

used as “secret” transport through cell membrane, made from the membrane itself to get things across it

A

vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

easy energy for cells, and cell-to-cell recognition

A

Carbohydrate purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

simple carbs are polar/nonpolar and small/large? this helps it do what when interacting with water?

A

small and polar, -> hydrophobic and dissolve well in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

requires no energy or helpers to get molecule across membrane

A

passive transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

requires protein/channel but no energy to get molecule across cell

A

facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

requires a gate or pump, and energy of some sort to push molecule across membrane

A

active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

A

triacylglycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

single or double bonded carbons with H along strand and on end, and COOH group on other end

A

fatty acid structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

four rings

A

steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

nonpolar tails with polar head and glycerol backbone

A

phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

storage of excess energy in body (extra fatty acids)

A

triacylglycerol function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

energy storage and large component of cell membranes

A

fatty acid function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

alter membrane fluidity, and cell signaling

A

steroid function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

acts solely as membrane in cells, create protection against outside world

A

phospholipid function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when an _________ fatty acid is present in phospholipids or triacylglycerol, the thing becomes liquid, or more fluid

A

unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

single bonds, create solids at room temp

A

saturated fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

double-bonded carbon, forms liquids at room temp

A

unsaturated fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the______ region of a phospholipid is polar

A

head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the ______ region of a phospholipid is nonpolar

A

tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

as the length of phospholipid tails gets longer the membrane permeability becomes (fluidity)

A

reduced (fluidity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

as temperature increases, membrane permeability (fluidity)

A

increases (fluidity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

nonpolar sidechains that allow it to be integrated (hint) into a membrane

A

properties of integral proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

small nonpolar molecules can easily flow through cells, and water has aquaporins to allow into the cell, neither of which require ATP

A

why diffusion and osmosis are spontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

when a solute uses facilitated diffusion to carry it across membrane, and other solute flows in direction of electrochemical gradient in response to first solute

A

what is secondary active transport (counter-transport, solutes goes opposite directions, co-transport, solutes go same direction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

moves three sodium (Na) out of cell and two potassium (K) into cell when ATP is bound

A

what is the sodium/potassium pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

is used as short term energy storage and structure in cells

A

polysaccharide functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

quick energy storage in animals (humans)

A

glycogen function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

energy storage in plants

A

starch function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

structure for plants at the cellular level

A

cellulose function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

structure for fungi and insects at the cellular level

A

chitin function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

structure for bacteria at cellular level

A

peptidoglycan function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

these polysaccharides have a 1-4 glycosidic linkage (hint-for energy, not structure)

A

glycogen, starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

these polysaccharides have a B 1-4 glycosidic linkage (hint- for structure, not energy)

A

cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan

52
Q

bond of #1 Carbon and #4 Carbon are bound in a downward direction with an O in between

A

a 1-4 glycosidic linkage

53
Q

bond of #1 Carbon and #4 Carbon are bound upward with an O in between

A

B 1-4 glycosidic linkage

54
Q

highly branched linkage (hint-great for solubility)

A

a 1-4 glycosidic linkage structure description

55
Q

very long and straight configuration of chains

A

B 1-4 glycosidic linkage structure description

56
Q

a part carb/ part protein molecule that is typically used for viruses/ virus recognition ( found on surface of lipid bilayer) CELLULAR RECOG.

A

glycoprotein definition

57
Q

stays on outer side of lipid bilayer(membrane) and acts as receptor
CELLULAR RECPET.

A

glycolipid definition

58
Q

monosaccharide with double bonded c=o at the end of the carbon backbone

A

aldose sugar

59
Q

monosaccharide with double bonded c=o in the middle of the carbon backbone

A

keytose sugar

60
Q

terms for three, four, five, and six carbon sugars

A

triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose

61
Q

describe triose, tetrose, pentose, and hexose sugar

A

monosaccharide(most basic)/tetrose can have ald. or keyt.,/ribose/glucose, galactose, lactose

62
Q

what makes simple carbs so hydrophilic (and easy to dissolve in water)

A

the OH functional group

63
Q

when a polysaccharide is created, the monosaccharides are being bonded by

A

dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction

64
Q

when a polysaccharide is broken up into smaller monosaccharide pieces it is done so by

A

hydrolysis

65
Q

energy providing properties of carbohydrates are because of

A

their long chains, lots of bonds to be released, therefore providing energy

66
Q

links monomers of nucleic acids (nucleotides)

A

phosphodiester bond

67
Q

links monomers of carbohydrates (monosaccharide)

A

alpha/beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

68
Q

links monomers for lipids (fatty acids)

A

Ester linkages

69
Q

nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, phosphate group (1,2, or.,3)

A

components of nucleotides

70
Q

components on nucleotide backbone

A

ribose and phosphate (N bases linked to ribose not backbone)

71
Q

nucleotide vs nucleoside

A

nucleoside is a nucleotide without the phosphate group

72
Q

RNA has a 2’_______ and DNA has a ______ that replaces that in its nuicleotides

A

OH, H

73
Q

C(cytosine) always pairs with____ and vice versa

A

G (guanine)

74
Q

A pairs with_____ in DNA and _____ in RNA

A

T, U

75
Q

T always binds with_____

A

A (T-A always, A-T only in DNA)

76
Q

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine (CUT of Py)

A

pyrimidines-single rings

77
Q

Adenine and Guanine

A

purines-double ring

78
Q

DNA reads from ____’ to ____’, but copies antiparallel, so the complimentary strand would start with ____’

A

5’, 3’ and 3’

79
Q

provides energy for nucleic acid synthesis

A

ATP

80
Q

____(#) bonds stabilize A and T

A

2

81
Q

____(#) bonds stabilize C and G

A

3

82
Q

positively charged protein that allows DNA to coil around it for compact storage

A

histones

83
Q

when histone tail is ______ this causes it to condense to keep in DNA info, but when it is de______ the DNA uncoils

A

acteylated

84
Q

as tRNA delivers pieces (amino acids) the______ puts them together to create proteins

A

ribosome

85
Q

because ribose sugar has an OH group at position 2 in the sugar, it is ______ than deoxyribose, which has a H at position 2

A

less stable

86
Q

the _______ shape of DNA is caused by the H in the sugar/phosphate backbone ( the phosphate groups______ each other, while the H in the sugar attracts the_____)

A

double helix, repel, nitrogenous bases

87
Q

the sugar groups are bonded through phosphodiester linkages, dehydration synthesis occurs, to the phosphate of another nucleotide

A

polymerization of a nucleotide

88
Q

activation of nucleotide for use in polymer, how and why

A

addition of phosphate groups, needs more energy to offset decrease in entropy

89
Q

primary, secondary, tertiary structure of RNA

A

nucleotide strand, hairpins(bonded base pairs), globular RNA structures

90
Q

primary, secondary, tertiary structure of DNA

A

covalently bonded nucleotides(ACTG), double helix shape of bonded bases, 3d folded shape of multiple double helixes

91
Q

DNA has all of its bases paired while RNA has exposed bases, causing ______

A

less stability

92
Q

in a water molecules the _____ has a partial negative charge while the______ has a partial positive

A

oxygen, hydrogen

93
Q

a very weak bond on its own, becomes very strong in numbers and always involves a H+ atom/ common atoms are:

A

Hydrogen bond, fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen

94
Q

typically seen in polar molecules, makes a substance interact with water/ dissolve in water

A

hydrophilic properties

95
Q

typically seen in nonpolar molecules, substance does not interact with water well, lipids are most common of this of this property

A

hydrophobic properties

96
Q

this amino acid has a(n) _______ group

A

amine group

97
Q

a double bonded o=c with an R group on one side, other side could be
R or H/ R=?/H=?

A

carbonyl group (R=keytose/H=aldehyde)

98
Q

(COOH) with R group attached

A

carboxyl group

99
Q

OH group typically attached to an alcohol

A

hydroxyl group

100
Q

P bonded to four oxygens, typically seen in nucleotides

A

phosphate group

101
Q

sulfur atom with two lone pairs bonded to an H+

A

sulfhydryl group

102
Q

three H+ bonded to a C

A

methyl group

103
Q

pH of less than 7, are electrolytes, when dissolved in water, H+ concentration increases

A

acid description

104
Q

pH higher than 7, decrease H+ concentration in water, typically hydroxide molecule

A

base description

105
Q

how much does H+ (H3O+) concentration change from pH of 4 to 5

A

10 times

106
Q

ability to use energy, ability to adapt, responding to stimulus, reproduction, and cellular organization

A

five characteristics of living things

107
Q

all living things are made up of, and came from cells

A

cell theory

108
Q

inheritance and genes create offspring similar or identical to parents, causes changes in population over time (very long time)

A

evolution theory

109
Q

central dogma

A

DNA->RNA->protein

110
Q

accepted explanation of a concept of the natural world than can(and probably has) been tested through expiramentation and observation

A

scientific theory

111
Q

the beaker and broth experiment (air allowed into sterilized broth produced microorganisms) disproved______

A

spontaneous cell generation theory

112
Q

four atoms used in 96% of life

A

CNOH

113
Q

charge of e, p, and n?

A

-, +, and neutral

114
Q

two subatomic particles that make up (most of) mass in an atom

A

protons and neutrons (in nucleus)

115
Q

large number on top of atom’s square in periodic table, tells amount of_______

A

atomic number, protons

116
Q

small number on bottom of atom’s square on periodic table, determines amount of ______ and _______

A

atomic mass, protons and neutrons

117
Q

outermost shell of atom that is involved in bonding and creation of molecules

A

valence shell

118
Q

ion that loses an e- in molecules

A

cation(+)

119
Q

ion that gains as e- in molecules

A

anion(-)

120
Q

(how many covalent bond each of these atoms make) H=, O=, N=, C=?

A

1, 2, 3, & 4

121
Q

e- are EQUALLY SHARED between atoms

A

nonpolar covalent bond

122
Q

e- are UNEQUALLY SHARED

A

polar covalent

123
Q

the larger the difference in electronegativity between two atoms in a bond, the larger the ________

A

polarity

124
Q

this atom is the “universal atom” being used in almost all life because of its ability to bond so readily with other elements

A

carbon

125
Q

going left to right on periodic table, electronegativity

A

increases

126
Q

going bottom to top on periodic table, electronegativity

A

increases

bio exam 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions