study for final Flashcards
3 main functions of cranial nerves
muscle control
sensory interpretation
controlling glands
CN I Olfactory
Smell
“sensory”
CN II Optic
Vision
“sensory”
CN III Oculomotor
Eye movement (pupil contration/lid movement) "motor"
CN IV Trochlear
down and in eye movement
“motor”
CN V Trigeminal
“both”
S= facial expression, secretion of saliva and tears
M= chewing
CN XII Hypoglossal
Tounge movement
“motor”
CN VI Abducens
Roll eye laterally
“motor”
CN VII Facial
“Both”
M= facial expression’
S= Taste
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear
Hearing and balance
“sensory”
CN X Vagus
Digestion and heart
“Both”
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
“Both”
S= Swallowing/ saliva
M= Taste impulse
CN XI Spinal Accessory
Supplies motor signals to muscles in head
“motor”
CN XII Hypoglossal
“Motor”
Tongue movement
Mneumonics for CN
names and function
Names:
ooh ooh ooh to touch and feel very good velvet such heaven
function: Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more.
TUG Test stands for
timed up and go
TUG test assesses
___ and ____ balance
Static and dynamic
Uses for TUG Test
Test mobility skills in seniors, or people with arthritis, Post CVA, or Vertigo
TUG Test Scoring for normal healthy adults
10 sec or less
Normative reference values for TUG Test by age range
60-69 years
70-79 years
80+ years
- 1-9.0
- 2-10.2
- 0-12.7
TUG test cut off values predictive of falls Community dwelling
> 14 sec HIGH RISK
TUG test cut off values predictive of falls
Post-op hip fracture @ time of discharge
> 24 sec predictive of falls within the next 6 months after hip fracture
TUG test cut off values predictive of falls
frail older adults
> 30 sec predictive of requiring assistive device and dependent on ADLs
3 types of sensory analysis
Stereognosis
Graphesthesia
Light touch localiization
stereognosis
perceptual skillthat enables an individual to identify common objects and geometric shapes through tactile perception without aid of vision
Inability to reach in pocket and identify object is called
Astereognosis
Stereognosis testing procedure
client must have eyes covered, place several items in clients hand and one at a time and record whether they can recall them or not.
Graphesthesia
what is it
The ability to recognize writing in the skin purely by the sense of touch
what is graphesthesia used for
Graphesthesia is commonly used in sensory re-education following peripheral nerve injuries.
- could be early sign of Alzheimer’s disease
Graphesthesia testing procedure
client closes eyes, draw number letter or symbol on hand. have client identify symbol and repeat 3-5 times
peripheral nerve injuries graded on the
Sunderland scale, 5 degrees of severity
causes of peripheral nerve injuries
Laeration sever bruising gunshot overstretching drug injection injury electrical injury
neuropathy
non-reversible disease caused by nerve damage (damage to the nervous system) that creates pain, mostly in hands and feet.
Light touch localization
Localization tests the individual’s ability to perceive where on the skin he/she was touched with a light stimulus
Problems that can happen if client has touch localization issues
Impaired touch localization may lead to decreased fine motor coordination
-Drop things, risk of burns, cuts, cold or heat receptors (Frost bite, Heat stroke)
Localization –Testing Procedure
pt. closes eyes.
Lightly touch the applicable body regions with the piece of cotton using consistent and minimal contact pressure.
Ask patient to indicate where touched.
Pain Acute VS Chronic
Protective process (acute pain) becomes destructive (chronic pain)
Name all 9 Endocrine glands
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid, Adrenal gland, Pineal Gland, Thymus, Gonads, Pancreas, Ovaries
the process of when the pancreas release hormones and why.
o Pancreas oversees keeping blood sugar levels under control. It uses insulin (high blood sugar) and glucagon (low blood sugar) to either increase or decrease the amount glucose in blood
where the hormones go after they are released from the pancreas
o When insulin -> tissue cells., and the glucose -> liver
Normal range of glucose for a person fasting, after eating, and 2-3 hours after a meal
F: 80-100
AE: 170-200
HRS: 120-140
Diabetic range of glucose for a person fasting, after eating, and 2-3 hours after a meal
F: 126+
AE: 220-230
HRS: 200+
Is there another organ that helps with the release of these 2 hormones
o The liver, it holds glycogen in it until it gets signaled to be released as glucagon
hyperglycemia
(too much sugar)- frequent urination, thirsty, tired, weak, blurry vision, hungry after a meal
hypoglycemia
(too little sugar)-Shaky, dizzy, nervous, sweat, hunger, headache, pale skin, clumsy, confused, trouble paying attention, tingling around mouth, fainting.
DMI
Type 1-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
•Pancreas does not produce insulin
•autoimmune
•Usually diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or in young adulthood <30 years of age
DMII
Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
•Can occur at any age; obesity is a risk factor
•or elevated amounts of insulin are present in the blood, but receptors on the cells do not respond to it
•Insufficient insulin production to handle the glucose concentration in the body
Most common pulse points
Radial artery and common carotid
Normal pulse rate
usually 70 beats per minute (bpm)
Evaluating pulse
count for 30 sec then multiply by 2. if it is irregular do it for full 60 sec. people must be sitting or laying
Blood pressure usually measured at
brachial artery
Instrument that records blood pressure changes
Sphygmomanometer
Systolic pressure
higher number. recorded when left ventricle contracts
diastolic pressure
bottom number
recorded when left ventricle relaxes
Normal b/p
120/80
hypotension
low b/p
Hypertension
high b/p
risk factors for high b/p
smoking, foods high in sodium low in potassium, not enough activity, obesity, alchohol
CABG
Coronary artery bypass grafting, classified by how many arteries are grafted ie. CABG X2
creates a new path for O2 rich blood to flow to heart
Sternal percautions
up to 12 weeks after surgery.
dont reach arms up, to the side, behind back. dont life more than 5-8lbs, push up from chair, pull with arms, or drive.
what would cause respiration rates to increase?
fever, illness, medical conditions
normal respiration rate
12-18 breaths per minute
pursed lip breathing is beneficial for people who…
is not expelling enough co2 out of body. example asthma or COPD
pursed lip breathing does what to airways
applies back pressure to keep airways open longer so co2 can escape
incentive spirometer is used when?
after surgery to help keep lungs clear and active. or for someone who is inactive, or people at risk of airway breathing problems (smokers, lung disease).
what does an incentive spirometer measure
how deeply one can inhale
things to remember about incentive spirometer as an OTA
we cannot issue them, only respiratory therapist
we can watch them do it correctly.
should be sitting upright as much as possible
what is pulse oximetry:
measure oxygen saturation of blood.
normal pulse ox
95-100%
what can affect pulse ox?
changing position
what can hinder pulse ox reading?
nail polish, wrong sized probe, placement of probe,
motion, dysrhythmia.
downward trend of baseline (pulse ox) may be a sign of…
fatigue, increases work of breathing, or aspiration
what happens when someone is hyperventilating, what can they do?
too much O2 in system, give them paper bag to blow and inhale co2 back in body so levels go back too normal
causes of dysphagia
5 examples
Facial paralysis, motor planning deficits, oral cavity sensory impairment, weakness of tongue or pharynx,
cognitive deficits
aspiration
penetration of the bronchi/ bronchioles by particles of the bolus
aspiration can lead to…
pneumonia
signs of aspiration (4)
coughing, facial flushing, gasping, silent aspiration
swallowing evaluation
video fluoroscopy
positioning for feeding
feet stable, hips stable, trunk control, head control, jaw control
feeding interventions for infants and parents
explain positioning, and setting influences
feeding interventions for toddlers
size/texture of food, finger feeding, hlding utensils etc.
feeding interventions for enteral feeding
positioning
feeding interventions for aging clients
adaptive equipment and positioning
dysphagia diets does not include
liquids, or pediatrics
dysphagia diet level 1
dysphagia pureed, mod- sever.
does not include chewing
dysphagia diet level 2
Dysphagia Ground( mild – mod oral & pharyngeal dysphagia.
Moist, soft-textured foods that need some chewing (easily formed into a bolus)
dysphagia diet level 3
Dysphagia Advanced (mild oral and/or pharyngeal dysphagia
• Transition to a regular diet
• Textures of food are regular EXCEPT very hard, sticky, or crunchy foods
Compensatory swallowing strategies
head rotation, throat clearing, alternate food/liquid, chin tuck
liquid thicknesses, leave viscous to most viscous
thin
nectar
honey
pudding
2 types of dialysis
hemodialysis
peritoneal
hemodialysis
performed at center. multiple times a week.
peritoneal dialysis
manual bag exchange 4x/day or night cycler
why does b/p decrease durring dialysis
o The excess fluid is being removed by the machine. When you have less blood fluid/ volume it will decrease pressure
3 stages of prevention
primary, secondary, tertiary
stages of prevention: primary
No disease yet, main focus is disease prevention
stages of prevention: secondary
stage of disease is imminent, main objective early detection
stages of prevention: tertiary
disease is established, mainf objective is to minimize damage
ESRD
end stage renal disease: kidney failure, must receive dialysis or transplant
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:
chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus (sputum) production and wheezing.
stages of Edema (4)
stage 0- latency (swelling not evident)
stage 1- early onset (pitting swelling)
stage 2- spontaneous irreversible protein rich fluid, tissue changes
stage 3- lymphostatic elephantiasis fibrotic tissue, folds
lymphedema classifications
primary- congenital
secondary- permanent damage to intact system
techniques to reduce edema
elevation, movement, retrograde massage, glove, coban, contrast baths
what helps move lymph?
skeletal muscle contractions, gravity, peristalsis
what body parts drained by the right lymphatic duct?
right side, arm/head/neck/chest
what body parts are drained by the left thoracic duct?
Both legs, groin, abdomen, left arm/shoulder/chest/head/neck
two ducts in the lymphatic system?
right lymphatic duct, and thoracic duct
