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pyb110 > study for exam > Flashcards

study for exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is alpha

A

probability of making type 1 error

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2
Q

what is beta

A

probability of making a type 2 error

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3
Q

bimodal distribution

A

frequency distribution with 2 approx. equal frequencies that are both clearly larger than others

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4
Q

what is a cell

A

used in chi-square test for independence

the particular combination of categories for 2 variables in a contingency table

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5
Q

chi-square statistic

A

stat that reflects the overall lack of fit between expected frequencies and observed frequencies

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6
Q

chi-square test for goodness of fit

A

procedure that examines how well an observed frequency distribution of a single nominal variable fits some expected pattern of frequency

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7
Q

chi-square test for independence

A

procedure that examines whether the distribution of frequencies over the categories of one nominal variable is unrelated to the distribution of frequencies over the categories of a second nominal variable

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8
Q

when is a chi test used

A

when the variables are nominal

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9
Q

comparison distribution

A

the distribution used in hypothesis testing that represents the population situation if the null hypothesis is true

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9
Q

comparison distribution

A

the distribution used in hypothesis testing that represents the population situation if the null hypothesis is true

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10
Q

confidence interval (CI)

A

range of scores that is likely to house the true population mean

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11
Q

correlation coefficient (r)

A

measure of degree of linear correlation between 2 variables

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12
Q

correlation coefficient range

A

-1 to +1
-1 being a perfect negative linear
+1 being a perfect positive linear

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13
Q

cramers phi

A

measure of effect size for chi-square test for independence used with a contingency table that is larger than 2x2

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14
Q

degrees of freedom

A

number of scores free to vary when estimating the population parameters
it is the number of scores minus the number of samples eg. single sample is n-1

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15
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable you measure
considered the effect and is dependent on the independent variable
criterion

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16
Q

causality

A

the independent variable is the cause of the dependent variables results

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17
Q

directional hypothesis

A

research hypothesis predicting a particular trend between populations eg. pop 1 has a higher mean than pop 2.

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18
Q

how many tails used for directional hypothesis?

A

1 tail t test

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19
Q

distribution of differences between means

A

distribution of differences between means of pairs of samples such that, for each pair of means, one mean is from one population and the other mean is from a second population.
(the comparison distribution in a t test for independent means)

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20
Q

distribution of means

A

distribution of means of samples of a given size from a population. (the comparison distribution when testing hypotheses involving a single sample of more than one individual)

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21
Q

expected frequency (E)

A

in a chi-square test, number of people in a category or cell expected if the null hypothesis were true

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22
Q

histogram

A

barlike graph to display frequency table data

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23
Q

independent variable

A

variable considered to be the cause
(the one you change)
(predictor)

24
Q

kurtosis

A

the extent to which a frequency distribution deviates from a normal curve in terms of whether its curve in the middle is more peaked or flat than a normal distribution

25
Q

linear correlation

A

relationship between 2 variables that shows up on a scatter diagram as the dots roughly following a straight line

26
Q

mean

A

average of a group of scores

27
Q

mean of a distribution of means

A

the mean of a distribution of means of samples of a given size from a population (it comes out to be the same as the mean of the population of individuals)

28
Q

median

A

middle score when all scores are ranked chronologically

29
Q

mode

A

value with the greatest frequency in a distribution

30
Q

negative correlation

A

relation between 2 variables in which high scores in one go with low scores in the other (on a scatter diagram the dots roughly follow a straight line sloping down to the right. less than r=0.11)

31
Q

95% confidence interval

A

95% chance that the population mean falls within the interval

32
Q

99% confidence interval

A

99% chance that the population mean falls within the interval

33
Q

no correlation

A

no systematic relationship between variables

r=0

34
Q

nominal variable

A

variable with values that are categories (names rather than numbers) this is also called categorical variable

35
Q

nondirectional hypothesis

A

research hypothesis that does not have a prediction in direction between 2 populations

36
Q

observed frequency (o)

A

in a chi-square test, the number of individuals actually found in the study to be in the category or cell

37
Q

one tail test

A

hypothesis-testing procedure for a directional hypothesis, situation in which the region of the comparison distribution in which the null hypothesis would be rejected is all on one side (or tail) of the distribution

38
Q

phi coefficient

A

effect size measure for chi-square test for independence with a 2x2 contingency table

39
Q

the pooled estimate of population variance

A

in a t-test for independent means weighted average of the estimates of the population variance from 2 samples

40
Q

positive correlation

A

relationship between 2 variables in which both variables increase with each other, approx linear line sloping up into the right

41
Q

standard deviation of a distribution of means

A

squared root of the variance of distribution of means
standard error of mean
standard error

42
Q

standard deviation of the distributions of differences between means

A

in a t-test independent means, square root of the variance of the distribution of differences between means

43
Q

statistical power

A

probability that a study will give a sig. result if the h1 is true

44
Q

stat sig

A

conclusion that the results of a study would be unlikely if in fact the sample studied represents a pop. than no different to reg population. an outcome of hypothesis testing in which Ho is rejected

45
Q

t-test

A

hypothesis testing procedure in which the population variance is unknown

46
Q

single sample t-test

A

hypothesis-testing procedure in which the population variance is unknown with a single sample

47
Q

dependent t-test

A

hypothesis-procedure in which the population variance is unknown and the 2 populations are related

48
Q

independent t-test

A

hypothesis-procedure in which the population variance is unknown. 2 separate groups of people tested

49
Q

2 tail t test

A

hypothesis-procedure for a nondirectional hypothesis

50
Q

type 1 error

A

rejecting the Ho when it is true, getting a stat sig result when infact the H1 isn’t true

51
Q

type 2 error

A

failing to reject the Ho when its false

52
Q

variance

A

measure of how spread out a set of scores are

53
Q

variance of distribution of differences between means

A

one of the numbers figured as part of a t-test for independent means it equals the sum of the variances of the distributions of means associated with each of the 2 samples

54
Q

variance of DOM

A

variance of the pop divided by the number of scores in each sample

55
Q

z test

A

hypothesis-procedure in which the population variance is known. Single sample

56
Q

qualitative research

A

a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting

57
Q

deductive reasoning

A

Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific
theory, hypothesis, observations, confirmation

58
Q

inductive reasoning

A

moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories
observations, patterns, tentative hypothesis, theory

pyb110 (12 decks)

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