STUDY DESIGNS

Question 1

what is an ecological study

Answer 1

number of cases in a group based nature

Question 2

How are ecological studies critiqued?

Answer 2

ecological fallacy - where people infer individual assumptions based on group level data - as well as confouding

Question 3

What is a cross sectional study?

Answer 3

a study conducted at a single point in time where exposure and outcome are deduced at the same time e.g surveys ‘screenshot’

Question 4

what are cross sectional studies at risk of?

Answer 4

cant determine temporal sequence, selection bias, confounding

Question 5

what is a case control study?

Answer 5

selects cases and controls based on their outcome status and then asks them about their previous exposure

Question 6

how are case controlled study outcomes measured?

Answer 6

odds ratio

Question 7

what type of design is a case control study with reference to past, present and future?

Answer 7

retrospective

Question 8

what are case control studies at risk of?

Answer 8

recall bias, selection bias and observer bias

Question 9

what is a cohort study?

Answer 9

participants selected based on their exposure status it is a prospective study design to determine whether they develop into cases or not

Question 10

how are outcomes measured in a cohort study?

Answer 10

odds ratio

Question 11

what are cohort studies at risk of?

Answer 11

selection bias, loss to follow up, but reduced recall bias

Question 12

what is reduced by increasing the sample size?

Answer 12

random error

Question 13

how is risk calculated?

Answer 13

positive/number tested

Question 14

how is odds calculated?

Answer 14

positives/negatives

Question 15

how are odds and risk ratios calculated

Answer 15

group of interest over the other group

Question 16

how are they compared

Answer 16

how many times larger one number is than the other

Question 17

if p value is less than 0.05 what is the conclusion?

Answer 17

reject the hypothesis

Question 18

what is the term to write in the exam?

Answer 18

observations are statistically signifccantly different

Question 19

what is a 95% confidence interval?

Answer 19

you are sure that 95% of values fall into this range and can be certain the true value lies in this range - almost like a mean with a range

Question 20

the null hypotheses should lie_________ the 95% Confidence interval if it is to me p>0.05 (statistically significant)

Answer 20

inside

Question 21

what type of prevention is screening?

Answer 21

secondary prevention

Question 22

what are the 3 issues with screening?

Answer 22

lead time bias, length time bias and over diagnosis

Question 23

what is lead time bias?

Answer 23

increase in survival is wrongly assumed because the disease has been treated - but it was actually because they were diagnosed earlier so it seems like a longer period of time

Question 24

what is length time bias?

Answer 24

more likely to pick up slow growing tumours with which makes it seem like a longer process

Question 25

what is over diagnosis?

Answer 25

patients over diagnosed so over treated with no particular benefit

Question 26

what is a confounder

Answer 26

a variable that effects both the exposure and the outcome

Question 27

what is sensitivity?

Answer 27

people who are covid positive and have a positive test

Question 28

what is specificity?

Answer 28

people who are covid negative and have a negative test

Question 29

what is PPV?

Answer 29

probability that someone with covid would test positive

Question 30

what is NPV?

Answer 30

probability that someone negative would test negative

Question 31

what is descreditable

Answer 31

a disability that is not seen e.g HIV

Question 32

what is discredited?

Answer 32

aa physically visible characteristic which sets them apart

Question 33

what is enacted?

Answer 33

actual experience of a stigma

Question 34

what is felt?

Answer 34

fear of an enacted stigma

Question 35

what is parsons sick role?

Answer 35

tempoarlaily medically sanctioned form of deviant behaviour meaning they are excused - however assumes that all illnesses are temporary and fails to acknowledge individual differences

Question 36

what is illness work?

Answer 36

symptoms management

Question 37

what is everyday life work?

Answer 37

managing daily life

Question 38

what is emotional work

Answer 38

managing their emotions and the emotions of others

Question 39

biographical work?

Answer 39

reconstructing their image of themselves in their head

Question 40

what is identity work?

Answer 40

work to maintain an acceptable identity

Question 41

what health inequalities explanation is discredited?

Answer 41

artefact (statistical one)

Question 42

what is social selectione explanation?

Answer 42

direction of causation is from social position - so sick individuals move down the the social hierarchy

Question 43

what is the behavioural cultural explanation?

Answer 43

ill health is due to choices and decisions that people make which ignores social pressures

Question 44

what is materialist explanation?

Answer 44

inequalities in health rise from diferential access to material resources - access to healthcare

Question 45

what is the psychosocial explanation?

Answer 45

health is influenced more by differences in income than actual income itself

Question 46

what is the income distribution explanation?

Answer 46

relative income affects health that's why countries with greater income inequalities have larger health inequalities

Question 47

inequality

Answer 47

things are different

Question 48

inquiry

Answer 48

things are unfair and avoidable

Question 49

what is the integrated model?

Answer 49

capability, oppurtintiy and motivation all lead to a behaviour

Question 50

what is nudge theory?

Answer 50

the idea that human behaviour is automatic and people repsond to their environmental stimuli known as their choice architecture and to be successful the behaviiiru must have decreased effort possible to make the choice

Question 51

what is proportional universalism?

Answer 51

focusing on delivering improvements based on their needs in proportion to the disadvantaged

Question 52

what is prevention paradox?

Answer 52

interventions that make a difference at a population level might not make a difference at an individual level

Question 53

how do you calculate qualys

Answer 53

years to live x 0.7

Question 54

what is the cycle of change?

Answer 54

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse