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PaSs ESA3 revision > STUDY DESIGNS > Flashcards

STUDY DESIGNS Flashcards

1
Q

what is an ecological study

A

number of cases in a group based nature

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2
Q

How are ecological studies critiqued?

A

ecological fallacy - where people infer individual assumptions based on group level data - as well as confouding

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3
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

a study conducted at a single point in time where exposure and outcome are deduced at the same time e.g surveys ‘screenshot’

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4
Q

what are cross sectional studies at risk of?

A

cant determine temporal sequence, selection bias, confounding

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5
Q

what is a case control study?

A

selects cases and controls based on their outcome status and then asks them about their previous exposure

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6
Q

how are case controlled study outcomes measured?

A

odds ratio

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7
Q

what type of design is a case control study with reference to past, present and future?

A

retrospective

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8
Q

what are case control studies at risk of?

A

recall bias, selection bias and observer bias

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9
Q

what is a cohort study?

A

participants selected based on their exposure status it is a prospective study design to determine whether they develop into cases or not

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10
Q

how are outcomes measured in a cohort study?

A

odds ratio

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11
Q

what are cohort studies at risk of?

A

selection bias, loss to follow up, but reduced recall bias

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12
Q

what is reduced by increasing the sample size?

A

random error

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13
Q

how is risk calculated?

A

positive/number tested

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14
Q

how is odds calculated?

A

positives/negatives

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15
Q

how are odds and risk ratios calculated

A

group of interest over the other group

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16
Q

how are they compared

A

how many times larger one number is than the other

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17
Q

if p value is less than 0.05 what is the conclusion?

A

reject the hypothesis

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18
Q

what is the term to write in the exam?

A

observations are statistically signifccantly different

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19
Q

what is a 95% confidence interval?

A

you are sure that 95% of values fall into this range and can be certain the true value lies in this range - almost like a mean with a range

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20
Q

the null hypotheses should lie_________ the 95% Confidence interval if it is to me p>0.05 (statistically significant)

A

inside

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21
Q

what type of prevention is screening?

A

secondary prevention

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22
Q

what are the 3 issues with screening?

A

lead time bias, length time bias and over diagnosis

23
Q

what is lead time bias?

A

increase in survival is wrongly assumed because the disease has been treated - but it was actually because they were diagnosed earlier so it seems like a longer period of time

24
Q

what is length time bias?

A

more likely to pick up slow growing tumours with which makes it seem like a longer process

25
Q

what is over diagnosis?

A

patients over diagnosed so over treated with no particular benefit

26
Q

what is a confounder

A

a variable that effects both the exposure and the outcome

27
Q

what is sensitivity?

A

people who are covid positive and have a positive test

28
Q

what is specificity?

A

people who are covid negative and have a negative test

29
Q

what is PPV?

A

probability that someone with covid would test positive

30
Q

what is NPV?

A

probability that someone negative would test negative

31
Q

what is descreditable

A

a disability that is not seen e.g HIV

32
Q

what is discredited?

A

aa physically visible characteristic which sets them apart

33
Q

what is enacted?

A

actual experience of a stigma

34
Q

what is felt?

A

fear of an enacted stigma

35
Q

what is parsons sick role?

A

tempoarlaily medically sanctioned form of deviant behaviour meaning they are excused - however assumes that all illnesses are temporary and fails to acknowledge individual differences

36
Q

what is illness work?

A

symptoms management

37
Q

what is everyday life work?

A

managing daily life

38
Q

what is emotional work

A

managing their emotions and the emotions of others

39
Q

biographical work?

A

reconstructing their image of themselves in their head

40
Q

what is identity work?

A

work to maintain an acceptable identity

41
Q

what health inequalities explanation is discredited?

A

artefact (statistical one)

42
Q

what is social selectione explanation?

A

direction of causation is from social position - so sick individuals move down the the social hierarchy

43
Q

what is the behavioural cultural explanation?

A

ill health is due to choices and decisions that people make which ignores social pressures

44
Q

what is materialist explanation?

A

inequalities in health rise from diferential access to material resources - access to healthcare

45
Q

what is the psychosocial explanation?

A

health is influenced more by differences in income than actual income itself

46
Q

what is the income distribution explanation?

A

relative income affects health that’s why countries with greater income inequalities have larger health inequalities

47
Q

inequality

A

things are different

48
Q

inquiry

A

things are unfair and avoidable

49
Q

what is the integrated model?

A

capability, oppurtintiy and motivation all lead to a behaviour

50
Q

what is nudge theory?

A

the idea that human behaviour is automatic and people repsond to their environmental stimuli known as their choice architecture and to be successful the behaviiiru must have decreased effort possible to make the choice

51
Q

what is proportional universalism?

A

focusing on delivering improvements based on their needs in proportion to the disadvantaged

52
Q

what is prevention paradox?

A

interventions that make a difference at a population level might not make a difference at an individual level

53
Q

how do you calculate qualys

A

years to live x 0.7

54
Q

what is the cycle of change?

A

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse

PaSs ESA3 revision (1 decks)

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