Study Designs Flashcards
Ecological
Population-level data
eg electoral role
Ecological advantages
Fast
Inexpensive
Few ethical issues
Data collection fairly easy
Can look at trends between regions or over time
Ecological Disadvantages
Cannot determine individual-level associations
Cannot demonstrate cause and effect
Lack of control over variables collected
Cross-sectional
Outcome and exposure status measure simultaneously
Cross-sectional advantages
Can look at associations- hypothesis generating
Data collection fairly easy
Can study multiple exposures and outcomes
Fast
Inexpensive
Cross-sectional disadvantages
Cannot demonstrate cause and effect
Prone to bias and confounding
Not useful for rare exposures or outcomes
Case-control
Participants selected on the basis of outcome
Case-control advantages
• Can look at association between outcome and prior exposures
• Fast
• Inexpensive
• Good for studying rare outcomes
• Can study multiple exposures
Case-control disadvantages
• Cannot determine incidence/risk of outcome
• Limited control over data quality – poor historic records or recall bias
• Retrospective nature limits ability to determine causality
• Not useful for rare exposures
Cohort
Participants selected in the basis of exposure
Cohort advantages
• Can look at incident cases and associations with exposure
• Good for studying rare exposures
• Can study multiple outcomes
• Control over data collected
• Exposure determined before outcome occurs so can demonstrate temporality for potential cause and effect
Cohort disadvantages
• Mostly prospective which can be time consuming
• Risk of loss to follow-up
• Expensive
• Not useful for rare outcomes
Randomised controlled trial
Participants randomly allocated to interventions then followed up to compare outcomes
Experimental study with random allocation into treatment groups (NOT random sampling)
RCT advantages
• Can study intervention effects on outcome(s)
• Random allocation means confounding factors should be evenly distributed
• Control over variables collected
• Comparator group means ability to account for placebo/temporal effects
• Less prone to bias, particularly where blinding and objective outcome assessment used
• Gold standard for establishing causality- can show cause-effect relationship
RCT disadvantages
• Time consuming
• Expensive
• Require expertise to run
• Can only be used where ethics and participant willingness permit randomisation to intervention
• Overly strict eligibility criteria may render sample not fully representative of population
Affected by non-compliance
Not practical for long-term effects
