study designs

Question 1

case report / series

Answer 1

report on single patient , or series of reports on a few patients with outcome of interest

Question 2

cross sectional study

Answer 2

observation of a population at a defined point in time
estimates prevalence

Question 3

case control study

Answer 3

study a group with disease and a group without
aiming to establish potential causes

Question 4

cohort study

Answer 4

follows a group over a period of time
looks at cause and incidence

Question 5

systematic review and meta analysis

Answer 5

compiling of evidence from randomised control trials about the same topic

Question 6

what are the 8 protected characteristics

Answer 6

age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership statis, race, religion and belief, Gender, sexual orientation

Question 7

absolute vs relative measures

Answer 7

absolute = difference
relative = ratio/ gradient

Question 8

2 examples of upstream intervention

Answer 8

national policy interventions and legislation/ regulation
e.g smoking ban in public places, sugar tax

Question 9

2 examples of midstream intervention

Answer 9

media campaigns
community development

Question 10

2 examples of downstream prevention

Answer 10

chairside advice
smoking cessation

Question 11

model for delivering bad news

Answer 11

SPIKES
Setting - should be quiet and private
Patients perception - assess gap between patients perception of problem and actual problem
Invitation to ask questions - allows patient to clarify any points
Knowledge and information - informing patient about the problem
Empathy
Summarise

Question 12

name 2 barriers to community water fluoridation

Answer 12

ethical/ moral considerations
political barriers - very vocal anti fluoriders
safety/ efficacy - concerns fluoride is toxic, fluorosis risk

Question 13

how is incidence rate calculated

Answer 13

number of new cases in a period / total number at risk
(a percentage)

Question 14

pros and cons of fluoridated salt

Answer 14

pros: little to no conscious action by individual, allows element of choice that water fluoridation does not
cons: mixed messages with other healthcare professionals (e.g cardiovascular)

Question 15

pros and cons of fluoridated milk

Answer 15

pros: naturally healthy, important part of childs diet
cons: more expensive than water fluoridation, not all children like milk

Question 16

inverse care law

Answer 16

people who need the care the most, are least likely to receive it

Question 17

what are the 3 quality ambitions

Answer 17

safe
effective
person centred

Question 18

non technical skills definition

Answer 18

refer to general cognitive and social skills
allows decision making, leadership, monitoring of situations

Question 19

what 6 things must consent be

Answer 19

valid
with capacity
not coerced
not manipulated
legal
voluntary

Question 20

Name 3 human factors that may impact performance

Answer 20

memory
perception
motor activity
involuntary automaticity
stress
overload