Study Design

Question 0

Cross-sectional Study

Advantages

Answer 0

relatively cheap and easy

measure multiple variables at the same time

Question 1

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Descriptive study

Answer 1

Advantages

• hypothesis generation
• health service planning and management

Disadvantages
-cannot establish causality

Question 2

Cross-sectional Study

Disadvantages

Answer 2

cannot measure temporality
cannot measure incidence
information bias: recall bias
selection bias

Question 3

Cohort Study

Advantages

Answer 3

temporality
can calculate incidence
useful for rare exposures
can study multiple outcomes of exposure

Question 4

Cohort Study

Disadvantages

Answer 4

loss to follow-up
detection bias
time consuming
expensive

Question 5

Describe Case-Control Study

Answer 5

Start with cases(have the outcome)
Then choose the controls: that represent population that gave rise to the cases. Then measure exposure in cases and controls

Question 6

Case-Control Study

Advantages

Answer 6

efficient
relatively quick
good for rare outcomes
can study multiple exposures

Question 7

Case-Control Study

Disadvantages

Answer 7

selection bias (selection of controls)
information bias
can only calculate odds ratio
no temporality

Question 8

Randomised Control Trial

Advantages and Disadvantages

Answer 8

Advantages
-strong evidence
-minimal bias
Disadvantages
-ethical issues
-expensive&time consuming
-loss to follow-up

Question 9

Ecological Study

Advantages and Disadvantages

Answer 9

Pros
-hypothesis generation
-relatively quick and cheap
Cons
-ecological fallacy
-confounding
-cannot determine causality

Question 10

Ecological Fallacy

Answer 10

“The bias that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily represent the association that exists on an individual level”

Question 11

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Descriptive study

Answer 11

Advantages

• hypothesis generation
• health service planning and management

Disadvantages
-cannot establish causality

Question 12

Cross-sectional Study

Advantages

Answer 12

relatively cheap and easy

measure multiple variables at the same time

Question 13

Cross-sectional Study

Disadvantages

Answer 13

cannot measure temporality
cannot measure incidence
information bias: recall bias
selection bias

Question 14

Cohort Study

Advantages

Answer 14

temporality
can calculate incidence
useful for rare exposures
can study multiple outcomes of exposure

Question 15

Cohort Study

Disadvantages

Answer 15

loss to follow-up
detection bias
time consuming
expensive

Question 16

Describe Case-Control Study

Answer 16

Start with cases(have the outcome)
Then choose the controls: that represent population that gave rise to the cases. Then measure exposure in cases and controls

Question 17

Case-Control Study

Advantages

Answer 17

efficient
relatively quick
good for rare outcomes
can study multiple exposures

Question 18

Case-Control Study

Disadvantages

Answer 18

selection bias (selection of controls)
information bias
can only calculate odds ratio
no temporality

Question 19

Randomised Control Trial

Advantages and Disadvantages

Answer 19

Advantages
-strong evidence
-minimal bias
Disadvantages
-ethical issues
-expensive&time consuming
-loss to follow-up

Question 20

Ecological Study

Advantages and Disadvantages

Answer 20

Pros
-hypothesis generation
-relatively quick and cheap
Cons
-ecological fallacy
-confounding
-cannot determine causality

Question 21

Ecological Fallacy

Answer 21

“The bias that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily represent the association that exists on an individual level”