Study Cards ionic and covalent bonds Flashcards
How and why do ionic bonds form?
ionic bonds form when there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another. This occurs when one atom has a significantly higher electronegativity than the other, causing it to attract and gain electrons, becoming a negatively charged ion (anion), while the other atom loses electrons and becomes a positively charged ion (cation). The resulting electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions forms the ionic bond.
How and why do covalent bonds form?
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. This occurs when atoms have similar electronegativities and can share electrons in a way that fills their outermost energy levels. The shared electrons create a bond between the atoms, known as a covalent bond.
. How do you find the number of valence electrons in an atom?
The number of valence electrons in an atom can be determined by looking at the group number (column) of the element in the periodic table. For main group elements, the group number represents the number of valence electrons. For example, elements in Group 1 have 1 valence electron, elements in Group 2 have 2 valence electrons, and so on.
How can you tell the charge of an atom?
The charge of an atom can be determined by looking at its position in the periodic table and considering the number of valence electrons. If an atom gains or loses electrons, it will acquire a charge. For example, if an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged (anion), and if it loses electrons, it becomes positively charged (catio
What’s the difference between a cation and an anion?
A cation is a positively charged ion that forms when an atom loses electrons. It has fewer electrons than protons. An anion is a negatively charged ion that forms when an atom gains electrons. It has more electrons than proton
Which side of the periodic table contains metals? Nonmetals?
Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table, while nonmetals are found on the right side. The dividing line between metals and nonmetals is called the “staircase” or “zigzag line” on the periodic table.
How does the charge of an atom change when ionic compounds form?
When ionic compounds form, the charge of the atoms changes as they gain or lose electrons to form ions. The atom that loses electrons becomes positively charged (cation), while the atom that gains electrons becomes negatively charged (anion). The resulting ions are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces, forming an ionic bond.
What is a formula unit?
- A formula unit is the simplest ratio of ions in an ionic compound. It represents the overall charge balance of the compound. For example, in sodium chloride (NaCl), the formula unit is NaCl, indicating that there is one sodium ion (Na+) for every chloride ion (Cl-) in the compound.
You should be able to determine the formula unit for ionic compounds, both binary ionic compounds, and compounds that include polyatomic ions (you will have access to the polyatomic ion chart)
The formula unit for ionic compounds can be determined by balancing the charges of the ions involved. In binary ionic compounds, the formula unit is determined by the crisscross method, where the absolute value of the charge on one ion becomes the subscript of the other ion in the formula. For compounds with polyatomic ions, the formula unit is determined by balancing the charges of the polyatomic ion and the other ion(s) present
You should know how to properly name ionic compounds.
To properly name ionic compounds, the cation (metal or positive ion) is named first, followed by the anion (nonmetal or negative ion). The name of the cation remains the same, while the name of the anion is modified to end in “-ide” for single-element anions or according to the polyatomic ion chart for compounds with polyatomic ions.
What is a molecule?
molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. It is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the chemical properties of that compound.
You should know how to properly name covalent compounds.
To properly name covalent compounds, the prefixes indicating the number of atoms of each element are used. The first element in the formula is named using the full element name, while the second element is named using the root of the element name with the suffix “-ide”. The prefixes “mono-“, “di-“, “tri-“, etc., are used to indicate the number of atoms present.
You need to know how to draw a Lewis Diagram.
To draw a Lewis diagram (also known as a Lewis structure), you represent the valence electrons of atoms as dots or lines around the atomic symbol. Each dot or line represents one valence electron. The dots are placed around the symbol to satisfy the octet rule, which states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration with eight valence electrons.
- You need to know how to use a Lewis Diagram to determine the shape and bond angle. I will provide you with a reference table for this test, but future tests will not have one!
Lewis diagram can be used to determine the shape and bond angle of a molecule using the VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory. In VSEPR theory, electron pairs (both bonding and non-bonding) around a central atom repel each other and arrange themselves in a way that minimizes repulsion. The arrangement of electron pairs determines the molecular shape, and the bond angles are determined by the spatial arrangement of the atoms.
You need to know VSEPR theory and how exactly the shape of a molecule is determined (not just the Lewis Diagram… what causes the atoms to bend in specific ways?).
VSEPR theory explains how the shape of a molecule is determined based on the arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom. The electron pairs, whether bonding or non-bonding, repel each other and try to maximize their distance from each other. This repulsion causes the atoms to bend or arrange in specific ways to minimize repulsion and achieve a stable molecular shape. The Lewis diagram provides a visual representation of the electron pairs, which helps determine the molecular shape and bond angles.
