study cards Flashcards
What are the two basic theories of the origin of petroleum hydrocarbons?
- A Biogenic (Inorganic)
2. Biotic (microbial or organic)
Explain A Biogenic Theory
- Hydrocarbons migrated towards the Earth’s crust
- Due to faults in the Earth’s crust
- Inorganic origin
Explain the Biotic theory
- with Pressure and temperature
- decomposed materials turned into hydrocarbons over time
- once crude oil formed it became very fluid and migrated upwards (a process called expulsion)
- Then it was either trapped in an oil reservoir or escaped to the surface and was biodegraded
Explain oil expulsion
The process of crude oil migrating upwards
What forces cause hydrocarbon migration?
- Compaction of overlying rocks
- Tectonic movement
- Capillary forces
- Gravity
What are the basic concepts of Petroleum Engineering?
- Well planning
- Petroleum Geology
- Rock properties
What specialties are utilized in the process of Well Planning?
- Geophysicists
- Geologists
- Engineering
- Accounting
- Others, called Drilling Team
Explain Petroleum Geology?
Petroleum geology applies the aspects of physical geology that deal with the process by which materials were found and formed in nature; and the science of geology if fundamental to petroleum
What are the three rock types? and give and example of each?
- Igneous-Granite
- Metamorphic-Marble
- Sedimentary-Sandstone
What are the three rock properties?
Porosity, Permeability and Saturation
What is porosity?
Is the ratio of the pore volume to the bulk volume; measured in percent
As the depth and rock compaction increases, the porosity decreases. True of False?
True
Shale makes a good reservoir rock because it contains large pore spaces. True or False?
False, Shale does not make a good reservoir rock because it does not contain large pore spaces
What is permeability?
The ability of the rock/formation to transmit fluids, and it is a function of the ROCK not the fluid
When was Darcey’s law established?
1956
What is Darcey’s equation?
Q=(KA x deltaP)/(Viscosity x length)
Where Q=flow rate, KA=cross sectional area and delta P= pressure gradient
What are the three types of geology?
- Physical Geology
- Structural Geology
- Petroleum Geology
What are the forces that cause migration?
- Compaction
- Tectonic movement
- Capillary forces/ pressure
What are capillary forces/pressure?
“PC” is the adhesion between solid and liquid
PC= Pnw - Pw
Where nw= non wet and w=wetting phase
What is Imbibition?
When wetting phase displaces non-wet
What is Drainage?
When non-wet displaces wetting phase
Explain the three petroleum Viscosity designations?
> 20 API = (Conventional or light oil)
10 API = ( Heavy oil)
<10 API = (Bituman)
What is the mobility equation?
K/viscosity
What are the three structural Traps?
- Folds
- Faults
- Combination traps
What are the four folds?
- Anticline
- Syncline
- Salt Dome
- Unconformity
What are the 6 systems of a rotary Drilling Rig?
- Power (diesel)
- Circulating
- Hoisting
- Rotary system
- Well control system
- Monitoring system
ROP = ?
Rate of Penetration (depth/ time)
UBD= ?
Under Balanced Drilling
What are the three benefits of underbalanced drilling?
- Improve ROP
- Better hole cleaning
- Better for the environment
MPD = ?
Managed Pressure Drilling
What are the three types of clay?
- Montmorillonite ((Bentonite)
- illite
- Kaolinite or caolinite
In metric units, hydrostatic pressure = ?
0.00981 x Mwt x D(meters)
Where Mwt = Mud weight and D=Depth
In imperial units, hydrostatic pressure = ?
0.052 x Mwt x D(feet)
Where Mwt = Mud weight and D=Depth
B.F = ?
Buoyancy Factor
Buoyancy Factor equations in imperial and metric?
Imperial = 1 - (Mwt/ 65.5) Metric = 1- (Mwt/ 7848.6)
What are the two types of traps?
- Structural
2. Stratigraphic
How are Stratigraphic traps formed?
They are due to a change in the characteristics of the rock
Define Petroleum
A mixture of hydrocarbons that is either gas, liquid, or solid state depending on the composition, pressure and temperature
What is the major difference between organic and inorganic theory related to the formation of hydrocarbons?
Inorganic theory suggests that the petroleum deposits were formed as a result of deep carbon deposits dating back to the formation of the earth while organic theory suggests that the deposition of organic material (plants/animals) over time, with pressure and temperature, resulted in the formation of hydrocarbons.
What property of the rock must be present to produce the existing hydrocarbons?
The rock must have permeability for the hydrocarbons to be produced.
What is a salt dome?
A salt dome is a type of structural dome formed with a thick bed of evaporate minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diaper.
What type of operation companies can be found in Canada; national oil companies (NOC), international companies (IOC) and/or private oil companies?
In Canada, there are NO NOC’s, only IOC’s and private oil companies
Who provides the drilling rig to the operator?
The Drilling contractor provides the rig to the operator
In the structure of an oil company the CEO reports to whom?
The CEO (chief operating officer) reports to the board of directors
What percent of rights in the four provinces western provinces is owned by the provincial government?
85%
What percent of royalty rate is there in Alberta for the bitumen development?
15%
In Alberta, does ownership of mineral rights carry a guarantee of surface access?
No, in Alberta ownership of mineral rights does not carry a guarantee of surface rights
Meridian lines run in which direction?
Meridian lines run north-south direction
The 5th Meridian runs through which city? Which road?
The 5th meridian runs through Calgary; Barlow Trail
What is the size of each square in a township?
1 mile
