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1
Q

What are the two basic theories of the origin of petroleum hydrocarbons?

A
  1. A Biogenic (Inorganic)

2. Biotic (microbial or organic)

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2
Q

Explain A Biogenic Theory

A
  • Hydrocarbons migrated towards the Earth’s crust
  • Due to faults in the Earth’s crust
  • Inorganic origin
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3
Q

Explain the Biotic theory

A
  • with Pressure and temperature
  • decomposed materials turned into hydrocarbons over time
  • once crude oil formed it became very fluid and migrated upwards (a process called expulsion)
  • Then it was either trapped in an oil reservoir or escaped to the surface and was biodegraded
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4
Q

Explain oil expulsion

A

The process of crude oil migrating upwards

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5
Q

What forces cause hydrocarbon migration?

A
  1. Compaction of overlying rocks
  2. Tectonic movement
  3. Capillary forces
  4. Gravity
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6
Q

What are the basic concepts of Petroleum Engineering?

A
  1. Well planning
  2. Petroleum Geology
  3. Rock properties
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7
Q

What specialties are utilized in the process of Well Planning?

A
  1. Geophysicists
  2. Geologists
  3. Engineering
  4. Accounting
  5. Others, called Drilling Team
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8
Q

Explain Petroleum Geology?

A

Petroleum geology applies the aspects of physical geology that deal with the process by which materials were found and formed in nature; and the science of geology if fundamental to petroleum

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9
Q

What are the three rock types? and give and example of each?

A
  1. Igneous-Granite
  2. Metamorphic-Marble
  3. Sedimentary-Sandstone
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10
Q

What are the three rock properties?

A

Porosity, Permeability and Saturation

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11
Q

What is porosity?

A

Is the ratio of the pore volume to the bulk volume; measured in percent

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12
Q

As the depth and rock compaction increases, the porosity decreases. True of False?

A

True

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13
Q

Shale makes a good reservoir rock because it contains large pore spaces. True or False?

A

False, Shale does not make a good reservoir rock because it does not contain large pore spaces

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14
Q

What is permeability?

A

The ability of the rock/formation to transmit fluids, and it is a function of the ROCK not the fluid

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15
Q

When was Darcey’s law established?

A

1956

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16
Q

What is Darcey’s equation?

A

Q=(KA x deltaP)/(Viscosity x length)

Where Q=flow rate, KA=cross sectional area and delta P= pressure gradient

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17
Q

What are the three types of geology?

A
  1. Physical Geology
  2. Structural Geology
  3. Petroleum Geology
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18
Q

What are the forces that cause migration?

A
  1. Compaction
  2. Tectonic movement
  3. Capillary forces/ pressure
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19
Q

What are capillary forces/pressure?

A

“PC” is the adhesion between solid and liquid
PC= Pnw - Pw
Where nw= non wet and w=wetting phase

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20
Q

What is Imbibition?

A

When wetting phase displaces non-wet

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21
Q

What is Drainage?

A

When non-wet displaces wetting phase

22
Q

Explain the three petroleum Viscosity designations?

A

> 20 API = (Conventional or light oil)
10 API = ( Heavy oil)
<10 API = (Bituman)

23
Q

What is the mobility equation?

A

K/viscosity

24
Q

What are the three structural Traps?

A
  1. Folds
  2. Faults
  3. Combination traps
25
Q

What are the four folds?

A
  1. Anticline
  2. Syncline
  3. Salt Dome
  4. Unconformity
26
Q

What are the 6 systems of a rotary Drilling Rig?

A
  1. Power (diesel)
  2. Circulating
  3. Hoisting
  4. Rotary system
  5. Well control system
  6. Monitoring system
27
Q

ROP = ?

A

Rate of Penetration (depth/ time)

28
Q

UBD= ?

A

Under Balanced Drilling

29
Q

What are the three benefits of underbalanced drilling?

A
  1. Improve ROP
  2. Better hole cleaning
  3. Better for the environment
30
Q

MPD = ?

A

Managed Pressure Drilling

31
Q

What are the three types of clay?

A
  1. Montmorillonite ((Bentonite)
  2. illite
  3. Kaolinite or caolinite
32
Q

In metric units, hydrostatic pressure = ?

A

0.00981 x Mwt x D(meters)

Where Mwt = Mud weight and D=Depth

33
Q

In imperial units, hydrostatic pressure = ?

A

0.052 x Mwt x D(feet)

Where Mwt = Mud weight and D=Depth

34
Q

B.F = ?

A

Buoyancy Factor

35
Q

Buoyancy Factor equations in imperial and metric?

A 
Imperial = 1 - (Mwt/ 65.5)
Metric = 1- (Mwt/ 7848.6)
36
Q

What are the two types of traps?

A
  1. Structural

2. Stratigraphic

37
Q

How are Stratigraphic traps formed?

A

They are due to a change in the characteristics of the rock

38
Q

Define Petroleum

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons that is either gas, liquid, or solid state depending on the composition, pressure and temperature

39
Q

What is the major difference between organic and inorganic theory related to the formation of hydrocarbons?

A

Inorganic theory suggests that the petroleum deposits were formed as a result of deep carbon deposits dating back to the formation of the earth while organic theory suggests that the deposition of organic material (plants/animals) over time, with pressure and temperature, resulted in the formation of hydrocarbons.

40
Q

What property of the rock must be present to produce the existing hydrocarbons?

A

The rock must have permeability for the hydrocarbons to be produced.

41
Q

What is a salt dome?

A

A salt dome is a type of structural dome formed with a thick bed of evaporate minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diaper.

42
Q

What type of operation companies can be found in Canada; national oil companies (NOC), international companies (IOC) and/or private oil companies?

A

In Canada, there are NO NOC’s, only IOC’s and private oil companies

43
Q

Who provides the drilling rig to the operator?

A

The Drilling contractor provides the rig to the operator

44
Q

In the structure of an oil company the CEO reports to whom?

A

The CEO (chief operating officer) reports to the board of directors

45
Q

What percent of rights in the four provinces western provinces is owned by the provincial government?

A

85%

46
Q

What percent of royalty rate is there in Alberta for the bitumen development?

A

15%

47
Q

In Alberta, does ownership of mineral rights carry a guarantee of surface access?

A

No, in Alberta ownership of mineral rights does not carry a guarantee of surface rights

48
Q

Meridian lines run in which direction?

A

Meridian lines run north-south direction

49
Q

The 5th Meridian runs through which city? Which road?

A

The 5th meridian runs through Calgary; Barlow Trail

50
Q

What is the size of each square in a township?

A

1 mile

Drilling (2 decks)

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