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Speech Science Exam 3 (Final Exam) > Study Blue > Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the basic dimensions of consonants?

A

Voicing
Place
Manner

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2
Q

The brain isn’t looking for ______: it’s a robust system.

A

a single cue to figure out if the sound is a vowel

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3
Q

What is Lisker’s Rule?

A

Each of the distributed acoustic consequences of a gesture has some value as an acoustic cue

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4
Q

Consonants are:

A

Speech sounds characterized by obstruction of the vocal tract

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5
Q

Stop consonants are characterized by:

A

Closure in the vocal tract that is released rapidly

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6
Q

Articulation of stop consonant: vocal tract closure. Acoustic Correlate: _____________

A

Stop gap - energy drops a lot

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7
Q

Articulation of stop consonant: Release of the closure. Acoustic Correlate: _____________

A

Stop burst

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8
Q

Articulation of stop consonant: Rapid articulatory movements. Acoustic Correlate: _____________

A

Relatively fast formant transitions (mostly F1)

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9
Q

Articulation of stop consonant: Rapid opening or closing gesture. Acoustic Correlate: _____________

A

Rapid rise/fall in intensity

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10
Q

Envelope are cues to _____.

A

manner

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11
Q

Perception is: (2 things)

A
  1. Driven by what you expect to hear

2. What really comes up from the periphery

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12
Q

What would Siri look for to tell “dot” from “got”?

A
  1. Energy peak in the spectrum in the burst

2. Second formant transitions

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13
Q

What does the stop burst spectra look like for a labial?

A

Falling - energy falls with frequency; low energy peak

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14
Q

What does the stop burst spectra look like for an alveolar?

A

Rising - energy increases with frequency; high energy peak

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15
Q

What does the stop burst spectra look like for a velar?

A

Narrow (most intense portion is in the middle, narrow concentration of energy)

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16
Q

The spectrum of a labial burst has most of its energy under:

A

600 Hz, overall down tilt

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17
Q

The spectrum of the alveolar burst has most of its energy at:

A

3000-4000 Hz, up tilt

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18
Q

The alveolar F2 is:

A

flat

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19
Q

The labial F2 is:

A

rising

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20
Q

The velar F2 is:

A

falling

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21
Q

Articulators rapid movement =

A

rapid formant transition

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22
Q

Context condition variability:

A

The F2 is a variability; F1 stays approximately the same

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23
Q

Context-conditioned cue:

A

how much F2 rises and falls

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24
Q

Give an example of the complexities of a stop burst:

A

“G” - burst anticipates coarticulation, and it is the reason for complexity
Even though the bursts look the same, we assume them to be different in perception

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25
Q

What are the cues to stop voicing in INITIAL position?

A
  1. VOT
  2. Low vs. high starting position of F1
  3. Relatively larger vs. small F1 change
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26
Q

What does the “O” mean in VOT?

A

O = voice and burst start at the exact same time

- all languages have “O” in common

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27
Q

English is a _____ category language for voicing.

A

2 categories (voiced, voiceless); other languages do this differently

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28
Q

What are the average VOTs for voiced and voiceless initial English consonants?

A 
Voiced:
/b/ - 1 msec
/d/ - 5 msec
/g/ - 21 msec
(If the VOT is longer than 40 msec - it's perceived as voiceless)
Voiceless:
/p/ - 58 msec
/t/ - 70 msec
/k/ - 80 msec
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29
Q

Typically, if the VOT is longer than about _____, the stop is perceived as voiceless.

A

40 msec

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30
Q

Cues to stop voicing in MEDIAL position:

A
  1. Voicing during closure is the most salient cue
  2. Duration of stop gap
  3. Length of preceding vowel
  4. F1 transition for voiced stop
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31
Q

Duration of the stop gap is not ___

A

The VOT - it’s the burst

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32
Q

Which sound has a short stop gap in medial position?

A

Voice

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33
Q

As the stop gap gets shorter, the stop starts sounding ____.

A

Voiced

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34
Q

Duration of the stop gaps goes the ______ in final position.

A

the opposite way

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35
Q

What are the cues to stopping voicing in the FINAL position?

A
  1. Voicing during closure (most salient)
  2. Duration of stop gap
  3. Length of preceding vowel
  4. F1 falls for voiced stop
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36
Q

Cues to final voiced stop:

A
  1. Voicing during closure
  2. Longer preceding vowel
  3. F1 falls at the end of the vocalic portion
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37
Q

Cues to final voiceless stop:

A
  1. No voicing during closure
  2. Short preceding vowel
  3. No F1 fall
38
Q

If you do an FFT and nothing is there what does that mean?

A

It’s voiceless!

39
Q

List four manner cues for fricatives:

A

Aperiodic noise component
Duration of noise
No silence
No burst

40
Q

Difference between /s/ and /sh/:

A

Higher amplitude and higher peak in /s/

Peak: 4500-8000 Hz for /s/, 2500, 4500 Hz for /sh/

41
Q

Which phoneme has the highest pitch and energy peak for all of the consonants?

A

/s/

42
Q

/f/ and /th/ have a relatively:

A

flat spectrum

43
Q

What are the place cues for fricatives?

A
  1. Relative amplitude of noise

2. Formant transitions

44
Q

What are the cues for fricatives?

A

Manner Cues: Noise (hissy bit)
Place Cue: major frequency difference
Voicing cue: periodic and aperiodic component

45
Q

What are the cues for affricates?

A
  1. Silence
  2. Burst
  3. Rapid rise time
  4. Short stop + fricative
46
Q

What is rise time?

A

Time from the burst to the highest amplitude in the fricative

47
Q

What is steady state duration?

A

Length

48
Q

Rise time for affricates vs. fricative:

A

Fricatives: 76 ms

Fricative portion of an affricate: 33 ms

49
Q

Steady state duration for affricates vs. fricative:

A

Fricatives: 100 ms
Affricates: 48 ms

50
Q

What is the acoustic manner cue for fricatives?

A

Noise/aperiodic, visual will look like fuzzy stuff

51
Q

What are three place cues for fricatives?

A
  1. Spectral peak
  2. Amplitude
  3. Formant transitions
52
Q

What is the articulatory difference between fricatives and affricates?

A

There is a complete stop/closure of vocal tract for fricatives. Spectrally this is a stop gap

53
Q

You can make the /l/ and /r/ sound the same by:

A

Fiddling with F3
/l/ - has a high, flat F3
/r/ - F3 starts low and rises

54
Q

The acoustic correlate to duration of lip release is:

A

Duration of formant movement

55
Q

Manner cues for stops, the duration is:

A

Fast

56
Q

Manner cues for semivowels, the duration is:

A

Slow

57
Q

Manner cues for labial voiced stops:

A

30 ms or less

58
Q

Manner cues for semivowels:

A

100 ms or more

59
Q

What are the cues to nasal manner of articulation?

A

Characteristic nasal murmur - voiced
Low frequency
Relatively steady state formants
Resonance usually under 300 Hz

60
Q

Steady state formants occur in the nasal because:

A

Formants do not change in frequency because you’re not moving your articulators

61
Q

Nasal formants are usually below:

A

500 Hz

62
Q

How do you tell nasals apart?

A

Formant Transitions

63
Q

Malecot (1958) identification of isolated nasal murmur

A

Stimulus: /m/; responds /m/ 96%, /n/ 4%, /ng/ 0%
Stimulus: /n/; responds /m/ 42%, /n/ 56%, /ng/ 2%
Stimulus: /ng/; responds /m/ 60%, /n/ 28%, /ng/ 12%
NEED FORMANT TRANSITIONS AND RESONANCE TO BE MORE ACCURATE

64
Q

Formant transitions mainly provide _____ cues for articulation.

A

F2 place

65
Q

How can you tell /s/ from /sh/?

A

/s/ is around 4kHZ

/sh/ is around 2.5kHZ

66
Q

What are the three things that give information about the time/amplitude domain?

A

Envelope cues
Periodicity cues
Fine temporal cues

67
Q

Periodicity cues show:

A

Fricative, manner and voicing in the envelope

68
Q

Envelope cues:

A

Segmentation of signal into syllables and phoneme sized units, manner of articulation, strong weak-fricatives, minimal vowel information

69
Q

Fine temporal cues:

A

Frequency of F1

70
Q

Evidence that: Speech perception is not entirely auditory

A

Miller, Hise, and Lichen (1951) - sound plus visual equals 15 dB improvement SNR

71
Q

McGurk Effect:

A

Hear /ba/
See /ga/
Perceive /da/

72
Q

What are the three roles of vision?

A
  1. It directs attention and auditory analysis to the signal rather than the noise.
  2. Vision provides segmental info that is redundant to acoustics
  3. Vision provides info that complements acoustics
73
Q

What is one of the first features that is lost in noise?

A

Place of articulation

74
Q

Sumby and Pollack (1954)

A

1 dB change in SNR = ~5-10% change in intelligibility

75
Q

What does enveme mean?

A

Envelope Feature

76
Q

What does viseme mean?

A

Visual Feature

77
Q

You need ____ envemes and ____ visemes for a 95% correct perception.

A

4 envemes; 6 visemes

78
Q

______ activates primary and secondary _____ blank areas in ______.

A

Lip movements; auditory; superior temporal cortex

79
Q

Top down effects: Perceptual Restoration

A

Stimulus “the legislators will meet over the weekend”
Operation: remove the /s/ and replace with a cough or low-pass filer
Result: you “hear” the /s/

80
Q

What is the cohort activation model?

A

Lexical retrieval
Based on the concept that auditory and visual input to the brain activates a list of word possibilities
(Example: dog)

81
Q

Delayed commitment:

A

Will occur as the signal becomes more and more degraded, and certainty about the phoneme string is reduced
Example: nasals

82
Q

What are two temporal processes in word recognition?

A
  1. Left to right activation of cohorts and strategies to delete words in activation lexicon
  2. Delay of decision
83
Q

Periodicity

A

Strong weak syllables is used

84
Q

Most English words have what pattern?

A

Strong-weak pattern

85
Q

Articulation is in the _____ hemisphere.

A

Left

86
Q

Recognition occurs in _____ hemisphere.

A

Both

87
Q

Speech perception involves ____ and ____.

A

Dorsal and ventral (Duel stream model of activation)

88
Q

Envelop processing is in the _____ hemisphere.

A

Right

89
Q

Extraction of formant transitions is ______

A

bilateral

90
Q

What is the success of the modern CI dependent on?

A

Getting enough information correct to perform top down processing

91
Q

Where do the electrodes lie from a CI?

A

Scala tympani

Speech Science Exam 3 (Final Exam) (1 decks)

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