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Study Flashcards

1
Q

Define qualitative research

A

Research interested in questions that involve human consciousness and subjectivity and that values humans and their experiences in the research process

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2
Q

Phenomenology -Qualitative

A

The study of things within human existence by discovering, exploring and describing the essence of phenomena through directly attending to them

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3
Q

Ethnography -Qualitative

A

Provides a portrait of people by describing and raising awareness of a groups cultural characteristics, such as their shared symbols, beliefs, values, rituals and patterns of behaviour

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4
Q

Grounded Theory -Qualitative

A

Starts from the ground of an area of human interest and works up in an inductive fashion to make sense of what people say about their experiences and to convert these statements into theoretical positions

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5
Q

Narrative -Qualitative

A

views or stories

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6
Q

Auto-ethnography -Qualitative

A

a form of qualitative research in which an author uses self-reflection and writing to explore anecdotal and personal experience and connect this autobiographical story to wider cultural, political, and social meanings and understandings.

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7
Q

Define Quantitative research

A

Research that focuses on measuring objective variables and the cause-and-effect relationship between them, such as the effects of a drug dose on a patients blood pressure

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8
Q

Correlation studies

A

Examines whether one variable is influencing another variable

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9
Q

Naturalistic study

A

A type of study in which the researcher very carefully observes and records some behavior or phenomenon, sometimes over a prolonged period, in its natural setting while interfering as little as possible with the subjects or phenomena.

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10
Q

Experimental design

A

The design used for establishing cause and effect relationships between variables

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11
Q

Quasi-experimental

A

is an empirical interventional study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on target population without random assignment

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12
Q

Three major paradigms in research

A

Quantitative (empirical analytical)
Qualitative
Qualitative critical research

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13
Q

Major types of quantitative research designs

A

Descriptive
Correlational
Quasi-Experimental
Experimental

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14
Q

True experimental research designs

A

It enables a researcher to draw valid conclusions from their research

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15
Q

What is External validity

A

is the extent to which findings can be generalised, or applied, to the population
-participants should be selected at random from the population

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16
Q

What is internal validity

A

Internal validity refers to the extent to which the design and data allow accurate conclusions
-the measurement tool measures what it is supposed to measure

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17
Q

Reliability

A

Reliability refers to the ‘reproducibility’ of the results of a measurement technique

Useful measures of reliability:
• test–retest reliability
• inter-observer reliability

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18
Q

Interpretive qualitative research:

A

is about generating meaning

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19
Q

Critical qualitative research:

A

aims to bring about changes in the status quo

20
Q

Methods

A

are the means or strategies by which data are sought and analysed

21
Q

Processes

A

are how data collection and analysis methods are undertaken

22
Q

Methodologies

A

are research approaches acting as overarching theoretical concepts for the selection of methods and processes

23
Q

Strongest evidence

A

meta-analysis of experimental design

24
Q

Weakest evidence

A

descriptive studies

25
Q

What is an independent variable

A

An independent variable is a variable believed to affect the dependent variable.

26
Q

What is a dependent variable

A

The dependent variable is the variable a researcher is interested in.

27
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

are undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the variables that an experimenter is examining

28
Q

Descriptive research designs

A

Use numbers to describe phenomena

Very weak evidence when compared to experiments

29
Q

Simple descriptive designs:

A

measure known variables in a population, cannot determine degrees of difference between groups, relationships between variables, or whether one variable causes another

30
Q

Comparative descriptive designs

A

compare two or more groups on particular variables

31
Q

Correlational research designs

A

-examine the relationship between two or more variables within one group without determining cause and effect
• do not have an independent variable that can be manipulated by the researcher (no intervention, just observation)
• the researcher identifies the variables of interest, choosing the most appropriate way to measure them

32
Q

What is a pilot study? What is the purpose of pilot studies?

A

Pilot studies are small-scale, preliminary studies which aim to investigate whether crucial components of a main study – usually a randomized controlled trial (RCT) – will be feasible. Pilot studies are conducted to evaluate the feasibility of some crucial component(s) of the full-scale study

33
Q

What is a cross section study

A

a cross-sectional study is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data

34
Q

What is a longitudinal research design?

A

A longitudinal study is an observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time. Longitudinal research projects can extend over years or even decades. In a longitudinal cohort study, the same individuals are observed over the study period.

35
Q

4 levels of measurement

A

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio.

36
Q

What does mean imply in research

A

Mean implies average and it is the sum of a set of data divided by the number of data. Mean can prove to be an effective tool when comparing different sets of data; however this method might be disadvantaged by the impact of extreme values.

37
Q

What does mode mean in research

A

Mode is the value that appears the most.

38
Q

What is the significance of a P value of .05

A

In the majority of analyses, an alpha of 0.05 is used as the cutoff for significance. If the p-value is less than 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis that there’s no difference between the means and conclude that a significant difference does exist.

39
Q

What is a likert scale

A

a scale used to represent people’s attitudes to a topic.

40
Q

Generalizability

A

It can be defined as the extension of research findings and conclusions from a study conducted on a sample population to the population at large.

41
Q

Transferability

A

Transferability refers to the degree to which the results of qualitative research can be generalized or transferred to other contexts or settings. From a qualitative perspective transferability is primarily the responsibility of the one doing the generalizing.

42
Q

Grey literature

A

refers to research that is either unpublished or has been published in non-commercial form.

43
Q

In reporting research what does the p stand for?

A

use the term “p” to describe the probability of observing such a large difference purely by chance in two groups of exactly-the-same people.

44
Q

What are the principles of research ethics?

A

PRINCIPLE ONE: Minimising the risk of harm
PRINCIPLE TWO: Obtaining informed consent
PRINCIPLE THREE: Protecting anonymity and confidentiality
PRINCIPLE FOUR: Avoiding deceptive practices
PRINCIPLE FIVE: Providing the right to withdraw

45
Q

What is the name of the Australian Health care research governing body?

A

The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) is Australia’s leading expert body promoting the development and maintenance of public and individual health standards.

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