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APP Part 2 > Study > Flashcards

Study Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic Thromboembolism describes emboli migrating through the __ (arterial/venous) circulation.

A

Arterial

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2
Q

A thrombus moving through the arterial system (systemic thromboembolism) is likely to be associate with …

A
  1. thrombi within heart wall–LV wall infarcts, dilated LA
  2. Ulcerated athersclerotic plaques
  3. Aortic aneurysms
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3
Q

Rheumatic heart disease is associated with …

A

mitral stenosis –> LA dilation –> augments stasis–> mural thrombus

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4
Q

What kind of thrombus is usually caused by cardiac problems?

A

arterial thrombus (associated with turbulence and EC injury)

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5
Q

PE in what sized vessels are more likely to infarct?

A

small vessels, which do not have collaterals like the medium vessels

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6
Q

if more than 60% of pulmonary circulation is blocked complications are :

A
  • sudden death
  • cor pulmonale
  • cardiovascular collapse.
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7
Q

Pulm hypertension and Right Hrt Failure are associated with …

A

multiple PE’s

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8
Q

3 causes of arterial embolism (vs. venous)

A
  • MI –> mural thrombus
  • Rh Heart disease (mitral stenosis–> LA dilation->) to mural thrombus
  • Arteriosclerosis
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9
Q

PE in medium size vessel is not likely to infarct but may be a problem with ___

A

Left ventricle failure.

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10
Q

aortic aneurysms are a form of this kind of thromboembolism:

A

systemic thromboembolisms

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11
Q

an area of ischemic necrosis due to occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage is called …

A

Infarction

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12
Q

Most common cause of an infarct:

A
  • thrombus/embolus that leads to arterial occlusion.

- Other causes: local vasospasm, swelling of atheroma (hemorrhage within a plaque), and compression of a vessel (tumor).

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13
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • affects large and medium elastic/muscular arteries

- areas of bifurcation (like in edema)

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14
Q

increased LV end systolic volume means (volume/pressure)__ load, means what for the heart walls?

A

Volume load = dilatation = eccentric hypertrophy = baggy heart
more blood left in the heart after contraction, so LA dilates to accommodate volume.

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15
Q

Why do we see dyspnea and orthopnea in CHF?

A 
Dyspnea = decreased lung compliance due to edema/congestion in lungs
Orthopnea = trouble breathing when lying down, due to increased venous return.
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16
Q

CHF complications when it progresses to decompensated state

A

BACKWARD FAILURE into…

  • pulmonary and systemic edema
  • venous congestion
17
Q

which cardiomyopathy predisposes ppl to sudden death and ventricular arrhythmia?

A

Hypertrophic – bc filling of ventricle during diastole is impaired (stiff muscular heart)

18
Q

True aneurysms are bound by by the vascular wall, ex:

A
  • atherosclerotic
  • congenital vascular aneurysms
  • left ventricular after a myocardial infarction
19
Q

due to the nature of atherosclerosis, individuals with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are at high risk of ___ and ___

A

ischemic heart disease + stroke

20
Q

what causes decompensated heart failure?

A

increased wall tension + underlying oxygen demand (heart works harder but already not getting enough O2)

21
Q

forward failure vs. backward failure

A 
forward = inadequate CO
backward = venous backup
22
Q

dilatation in CHF occurs in order to increase ___

A

preload!

23
Q

in severe cases of ___ pts become cyanotic and acidotic

A

CHF

24
Q

sudden cardiac death is associated with

A
  • PE
  • ruptured aortic aneurism
  • infection
25
Q

silent infarcts (without pain) are common in ___ and ___

A
  • diabetics with HTN

- elderly

26
Q

after surviving sudden cardiac death, majority of individuals develop __

A
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • LV failure
  • rupture of wall
  • thromboembolism
27
Q

in the first 20-30 min of infarction, MI affects whhc layer of the heart?

A

subendocardial region

then mid and subepicardial regions of myocardium.

28
Q

ischemic heart disease can lead to 4 “syndromes”

A
  1. angina
  2. acute myocardial infarct/heart attack
  3. sudden cardiac death
  4. chronic ischemic heart disease + CHF! = ischemic cardiomyopathy
29
Q

main cause of MI

A

coronary artery thrombosis

APP Part 2 (9 decks)

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