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Psyc 100 > Study > Flashcards

Study Flashcards

1
Q

what are Psychoactive drugs?

A

chemicals that change conscious awareness or

perception.

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2
Q

what is a depressant?

A

a drug that slows down the nervous system.

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3
Q

what is a stimulant?

A

a drug that speeds up the nervous system.

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4
Q

what are opiates?

A

a drug that relieves pain.

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5
Q

What is a drug addiction?

A

it results from repeated drug use.

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6
Q

what is a tolerance to drugs?

A

more drug is required; body has decrease response to drug with continued use

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7
Q

what causes withdrawal symptoms?

A

drug abstinence .

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8
Q

Drug dependence can be ….?

A

physical and Psychological.

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9
Q

what is a physical drug dependence?

A

withdrawal reactions are noted when drug

use is terminated.

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10
Q

what is a Psychological drug dependence?

A

it is associated with a mental craving for

the drug.

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11
Q

Example of a Depressant?

A

alcohol.

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12
Q

Example of a stimulant?

A

caffeine, amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine

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13
Q

Example of Opiates?

A

heroin, morphine.

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14
Q

Example of Hallucinogens?

A

LSD, mescaline, marijuana.

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15
Q

what is Consciousness?

A

it refers to an organism’s awareness of itself and its surroundings.

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16
Q

what is the levels of awareness?

A

top, middle, lowest.

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17
Q

what is a Controlled processes?

A

it requires attention (and interfere with other functions).

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18
Q

what is a Automatic processes?

A

it requires minimal attention (such as riding your bike).

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19
Q

what is the lowest level of awareness?

A

Minimal or no awareness of the environment.

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20
Q

One cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleepwaking

cycle).

A

Circadian rhythms

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21
Q

Light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm.

A

Circadian rhythms

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22
Q

Some circadian rhythms are endogenous suggesting the existence of an internal (biological) clock.

A

Circadian rhythms

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23
Q

Pineal gland (melatonin), hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

A

Circadian rhythms

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24
Q

Sleep allows for recuperation from physical, emotional, and intellectual fatigue.

A

Repair/Restoration

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25
Q

Sleep evolved to conserve energy and protect our ancestors from predators.

A

Evolutionary/Circadian

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26
Q

what can Electrophysiological instruments be used for?

A

to assess the physiological changes that occur during an episode of sleep.

27
Q

“pre-sleep” stage marked by visual, auditory and kinesthetic sensations.

A

Hypnagogic state

28
Q

Stage 1 of Non Rem Sleep

A

heart slows, blood pressure decreases.

29
Q

Stage 2 of Non Rem Sleep

A

sleep spindles (rapid, high amplitude waves)

30
Q

Stage 3 of Non Rem Sleep

A

delta waves (slow, high amplitude waves)

31
Q

Stage 4 of Non Rem Sleep

A

delta waves-sleep walking.

32
Q

What is Rem Sleep?

A

rapid eyes movements, high frequency brain waves, paralysis of large muscles and dreaming.

33
Q

Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties.

A

Psychoanalytic.

34
Q

Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during sleep.

A

Biological.

35
Q

Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day.

A

Cognitive.

36
Q

What are the three theories of dreaming?

A

Psychoanalytic, Biological, Cognitive.

37
Q

What is Dysomnia?

A

problems in the amount, quality, timing of sleep.

38
Q

What is Insomnia?

A

refers to a difficulty in getting to sleep or remaining asleep and has many causes.

39
Q

Related to anxiety is called…?

A

Situational.

40
Q

Use of sleeping pills or other drugs can result in insomnia is called..?

A

Drug-induced.

41
Q

person stops breathing and is awakened when blood levels of carbon dioxide stimulate breathing…

A

Sleep apnea.

42
Q

Sleep appears at odd times..

A

Narcolepsy.

43
Q

Parasomnias…

A

abnormal disturbances occurring during sleep

44
Q

Anxiety-arousing dreams generally occurring during REM sleep…

A

Nightmares.

45
Q

refers to a set of techniques that promote a heightened sense of awareness..

A

Meditation.

46
Q

what is Behaviorism?

A

A Theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior.

47
Q

refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from practice or experience.

A

Learning.

48
Q

What is Classical conditioning ?

A

type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the

capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

49
Q

Unconditioned bonds..

A

UCS & UCR

50
Q

a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous learning,conditioning, or association.

A

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

51
Q

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous learning or conditioning.

A

Unconditioned response (UCR).

52
Q

is a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response through conditioning, learning or association.

A

Conditioned stimulus (CS).

53
Q

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that

occurs because of previous conditioning.

A

Conditioned response (CR).

54
Q

learned response not only to the original stimulus but also to other similar stimuli.

A

Stimulus Generalization.

55
Q

refers to loss of response to a CS presented without the UCS.

A

Extinction.

56
Q

Reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction

A

Spontaneous recovery.

57
Q

A neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS).

A

Higher-Order Conditioning.

58
Q

Reinforcement…

A

is any procedure that INCREASES the response.

59
Q

Punishment…

A

is any procedure that DECREASES the response.

60
Q

Types of reinforcers

A

Primary and Secondary

61
Q

reinforcement occurs after every response.

A

Continuous.

62
Q

reinforcement occurs after some, but not all, responses

A

Partial.

63
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired response.

Psyc 100 (2 decks)

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