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c32 bodily injury claims > STUDY 2: SKIN AND MUSCULATURE > Flashcards

STUDY 2: SKIN AND MUSCULATURE Flashcards

1
Q

function of the sensory organ: skin

A
  • protect against trauma and infection
  • regulate body temperature
  • help eliminate fluids (sweating)
  • prevent dehydration
  • manufacture vitamin d
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2
Q

melanin

A

colour of the skin

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3
Q

epidermis

A

outermost part of the skin

made up of several layers of cells that are constantly replaced

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4
Q

cutaneous

A

anything pertaining to the skin

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5
Q

dermis (corium)

A

lower main layer

contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair roots and fat cells

extremely elastic and can stretch when injury causes fluid to build under the skin

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6
Q

neurological deficit

A

damage of nerves in traumatic injury

pain is felt through nerves and transmits feeling into brain

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7
Q

types of skin injuries

A

abrasions

contusions/bruising/hematoma

lacerations

hemorrhage

scars

burns

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8
Q

abrasions

A

caused by rubbing and scraping

caused by body hitting any part of an automobile, pavement or other surface

also called “skin burns”

bleeding = minimal but pain can be intense

does not cause disability period / heal on their own

can sometimes appear as clusters of little red dots = petechia

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9
Q

contusions / bruising / hematoma

A

contusions are injuries where skin is not broken = bruising

no surface skin damage / damage to underlying tissues from ruptured blood vessels

simple bruising OR hematoma can occur

hematoma = pooled blood from damaged blood vessels under skin surface

increasing in size or not fading = continued bleeding

blood vessels may need to be tied to control bleeding (ligation)

bed rest + anti-inflammatory meds needed

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10
Q

laceration

A

tears of the flesh

irregular, jagged, shredded appearance

described by: how big they are and how deep wound is in cm’s

transverse laceration / sever the cutaneous nerves = numbness at laceration site

numbness can last indefinitely / cold and dull feeling

lacerations dont bleed freely as a clean cut / they are shredded (irregular bleeding) leading to contamination

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11
Q

debridement

A

cleanse a wound by removing dirt, contamination and badly damaged tissues

in lacerated wounds, bleeding isnt free and regular / contamination is not carried out of tissue and infections can occur

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12
Q

hemorrhage

A

excessive discharge of blood (internal or external)

applying pressure is necessary to stop bleeding

blood can be from venous or arterial blood vessels

treatment: cleansing wound and applying cold (contract blood vessels to slow bleeding)

cleansing, slowing and stopping bleeding then bandaging is standard

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13
Q

arterial hemorrhage

A

flow of blood in spurts or waves unless damaged artery is deep or buried (steady blood flow)

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14
Q

scars

A

when lacerated wounds do not heal properly

tissue replaced w/ inelastic fibrous tissue

scars form when the dermis is damaged

body forms collagen fibres to mend the damage (new texture than surrounding tissue)

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15
Q

hypertrophic scar versus keloid scar

A

hypertrophic - flatter, dense fibrous tissue

keloid - looks kinda scary, raised, excessive amounts of collagen formed, very itchy, becomes larger

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16
Q

skin grafting

A

pulling skin together with fine stitching

patches of skin from one part of the body to another and dermabrading

cosmetic defects can bee fixed completely or partially thru cosmetic surgery

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17
Q

burns

A

exposure to excessive heat (open flame, hot oil, steam, hot water) chemicals, electricity

severity = amount of skin loss and depth of burn

18
Q

1st 2nd and 3rd degree burns

A

1st degree - superficial, red/inflamed skin.. subsides in a few days and peeling can occur

2nd degree - blistering and destruction of superficial layers of skin… susceptible to infection

3rd degree - severe damage to thickness of the skin and tissues underneath.. damages can extend to bone

19
Q

life threatening effects of a burn

A

loss of water/plasma which can lead to shock (collapse of the circulatory system - pallor, sweating, weak pulse and low blood pressure)

bacterial infection

reduced circulation of blood

decrease in urine production

20
Q

treatments for burns

A

replacing lost fluids

cleaning wound to remove all dead tissue / prevent infection

applying skin grafts

21
Q

skin complications from trauma

A

bedsores - typical in bedridden patients

decubitus ulcer (constant pressure on area for a long time)

prolonged deficiency of blood flow to area that can lead to death of tissue and leaving an ulcerated area

special mattresses, padding, dressing used to prevent and treat

22
Q

Over 600 muscles in the body comprising of three groups

A

skeletal muscles - move bones in the body (voluntary muscles, stimulated by nerves)

smooth muscles (found in blood vessels and organs, not under voluntary control)

cardiac muscles (heart, involuntary muscle with 1 nucleus)

23
Q

skeletal muscles

A

composed of cells and muscle fibres

fascia (connective tissue) - supports and seperates muscles

tendons - attached to bones / connect muscle to bone

ligaments. -attach bones to bones

fascia and muscles taper into tendons

24
Q

two main groups of skeletal muscles

A

flexor - flexing or bending of a part of the body (biceps)

extensor - extending or straightening of a part of the body (triceps - straighten the arm)

25
Q

muscles in the arm versus the hand

A

19 muscles attached to the radius and ulna that move the wrist and fingers

35 muscles control the hand, 15 located in the forearm

26
Q

gastrocnemius muscle

A

calf

powers and controls poiting the foot downwards (plantarflexion)

connected to achilles tendon (prominent ridge at back of foot)

27
Q

dorsiflexion versus plantarflexion

A

dorsiflexion - bend

plantarflexion - straightened, downward movement

28
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

muscle in the neck, referred to as the sternomastoid

attached to clavicle (moves head) - collarbone

trapezius (traps) involved in raising shoulders

29
Q

common muscle injuries

A

laceration of muscles

bleeding into the muscle

sprains

strains

30
Q

laceration of muscles

A

deep cuts or tears in the muscles

severe lacerations = nerves can be cut = loss of sensation w/ damaged nerve

treatment from open wounds from laceration = removal of foreign objects/tissue that cant be saved + closure of the skin

31
Q

bleeding into the muscle

A

scarring from hemtoma can turn into an ectopic bone (bone tissue forming where it shouldnt)

pain and tenderness can be debilitating

requires surgical treatment

32
Q

sprains

A

stress or force resulting in a tear of a ligament (also called torn ligament)

mild moderate or severe

twisting action can cause greater damage

inappropriate or lack of treatment can cause a permanent disability

sprain fracture - part of bone torn w/ ligament

33
Q

sprain symptoms

A

severe localized pain

severe swelling

inflammation

small blood vessels damaged

escaping blood accumulates under the skin and increases swelling

weight bearing will be difficult if knee or ankle are involved

ligaments, tendons, capsule, cartilage and bones can be damaged in severe sprains

34
Q

sprain treatment

A

surgery may be necessary to restore structure

strength returns over time and proper activity program

possible to experience a partial permanent disability

35
Q

strain

A

overstretching and possible tears of muscle or tendon fibres

can be mild moderate or severe

36
Q

strain symptoms

A

minor pain accompanies simple strains

spasms, atrophy (waste away) and deformity

palpation = painful and limits movement

tenderness or pain is muscles = myalgia

37
Q

strain treatment

A

depends on extent of the strain

prevent buildup of scar tissue at the site of injury / increase blood flow to injured part

anti-inflammatory drugs, stretching, physiotherapy,

emg tests

38
Q

cervical and lumbar strains

A

flexion extension to cervical (neck) area and lumbar (lower back) / also called whiplash

39
Q

cervical and lumbar strain treatment

A

analgesics and muscle relaxants

rest

chiropractic adjustments

certain cases - symptoms can continue over long periods of time / can be due to complications or psychomatic in nature

40
Q

fibromyalgia

A

persistant disabling pain in the muscles 3-6 months over normal recovery period for Soft tissue injury

also called chronic pain syndrome

different from acute pain - pain that lasts a relatively short time

41
Q

fibromyalgia treatment

A

main management programs

analgesics / muscle relaxants / anti-depressants

psychological evaluations

imp to confirm no other pre-existing injuries

c32 bodily injury claims (2 decks)

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