STUDY 2: SKIN AND MUSCULATURE Flashcards
function of the sensory organ: skin
- protect against trauma and infection
- regulate body temperature
- help eliminate fluids (sweating)
- prevent dehydration
- manufacture vitamin d
melanin
colour of the skin
epidermis
outermost part of the skin
made up of several layers of cells that are constantly replaced
cutaneous
anything pertaining to the skin
dermis (corium)
lower main layer
contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair roots and fat cells
extremely elastic and can stretch when injury causes fluid to build under the skin
neurological deficit
damage of nerves in traumatic injury
pain is felt through nerves and transmits feeling into brain
types of skin injuries
abrasions
contusions/bruising/hematoma
lacerations
hemorrhage
scars
burns
abrasions
caused by rubbing and scraping
caused by body hitting any part of an automobile, pavement or other surface
also called “skin burns”
bleeding = minimal but pain can be intense
does not cause disability period / heal on their own
can sometimes appear as clusters of little red dots = petechia
contusions / bruising / hematoma
contusions are injuries where skin is not broken = bruising
no surface skin damage / damage to underlying tissues from ruptured blood vessels
simple bruising OR hematoma can occur
hematoma = pooled blood from damaged blood vessels under skin surface
increasing in size or not fading = continued bleeding
blood vessels may need to be tied to control bleeding (ligation)
bed rest + anti-inflammatory meds needed
laceration
tears of the flesh
irregular, jagged, shredded appearance
described by: how big they are and how deep wound is in cm’s
transverse laceration / sever the cutaneous nerves = numbness at laceration site
numbness can last indefinitely / cold and dull feeling
lacerations dont bleed freely as a clean cut / they are shredded (irregular bleeding) leading to contamination
debridement
cleanse a wound by removing dirt, contamination and badly damaged tissues
in lacerated wounds, bleeding isnt free and regular / contamination is not carried out of tissue and infections can occur
hemorrhage
excessive discharge of blood (internal or external)
applying pressure is necessary to stop bleeding
blood can be from venous or arterial blood vessels
treatment: cleansing wound and applying cold (contract blood vessels to slow bleeding)
cleansing, slowing and stopping bleeding then bandaging is standard
arterial hemorrhage
flow of blood in spurts or waves unless damaged artery is deep or buried (steady blood flow)
scars
when lacerated wounds do not heal properly
tissue replaced w/ inelastic fibrous tissue
scars form when the dermis is damaged
body forms collagen fibres to mend the damage (new texture than surrounding tissue)
hypertrophic scar versus keloid scar
hypertrophic - flatter, dense fibrous tissue
keloid - looks kinda scary, raised, excessive amounts of collagen formed, very itchy, becomes larger
skin grafting
pulling skin together with fine stitching
patches of skin from one part of the body to another and dermabrading
cosmetic defects can bee fixed completely or partially thru cosmetic surgery
burns
exposure to excessive heat (open flame, hot oil, steam, hot water) chemicals, electricity
severity = amount of skin loss and depth of burn
1st 2nd and 3rd degree burns
1st degree - superficial, red/inflamed skin.. subsides in a few days and peeling can occur
2nd degree - blistering and destruction of superficial layers of skin… susceptible to infection
3rd degree - severe damage to thickness of the skin and tissues underneath.. damages can extend to bone
life threatening effects of a burn
loss of water/plasma which can lead to shock (collapse of the circulatory system - pallor, sweating, weak pulse and low blood pressure)
bacterial infection
reduced circulation of blood
decrease in urine production
treatments for burns
replacing lost fluids
cleaning wound to remove all dead tissue / prevent infection
applying skin grafts
skin complications from trauma
bedsores - typical in bedridden patients
decubitus ulcer (constant pressure on area for a long time)
prolonged deficiency of blood flow to area that can lead to death of tissue and leaving an ulcerated area
special mattresses, padding, dressing used to prevent and treat
Over 600 muscles in the body comprising of three groups
skeletal muscles - move bones in the body (voluntary muscles, stimulated by nerves)
smooth muscles (found in blood vessels and organs, not under voluntary control)
cardiac muscles (heart, involuntary muscle with 1 nucleus)
skeletal muscles
composed of cells and muscle fibres
fascia (connective tissue) - supports and seperates muscles
tendons - attached to bones / connect muscle to bone
ligaments. -attach bones to bones
fascia and muscles taper into tendons
two main groups of skeletal muscles
flexor - flexing or bending of a part of the body (biceps)
extensor - extending or straightening of a part of the body (triceps - straighten the arm)
muscles in the arm versus the hand
19 muscles attached to the radius and ulna that move the wrist and fingers
35 muscles control the hand, 15 located in the forearm
gastrocnemius muscle
calf
powers and controls poiting the foot downwards (plantarflexion)
connected to achilles tendon (prominent ridge at back of foot)
dorsiflexion versus plantarflexion
dorsiflexion - bend
plantarflexion - straightened, downward movement
sternocleidomastoid
muscle in the neck, referred to as the sternomastoid
attached to clavicle (moves head) - collarbone
trapezius (traps) involved in raising shoulders
common muscle injuries
laceration of muscles
bleeding into the muscle
sprains
strains
laceration of muscles
deep cuts or tears in the muscles
severe lacerations = nerves can be cut = loss of sensation w/ damaged nerve
treatment from open wounds from laceration = removal of foreign objects/tissue that cant be saved + closure of the skin
bleeding into the muscle
scarring from hemtoma can turn into an ectopic bone (bone tissue forming where it shouldnt)
pain and tenderness can be debilitating
requires surgical treatment
sprains
stress or force resulting in a tear of a ligament (also called torn ligament)
mild moderate or severe
twisting action can cause greater damage
inappropriate or lack of treatment can cause a permanent disability
sprain fracture - part of bone torn w/ ligament
sprain symptoms
severe localized pain
severe swelling
inflammation
small blood vessels damaged
escaping blood accumulates under the skin and increases swelling
weight bearing will be difficult if knee or ankle are involved
ligaments, tendons, capsule, cartilage and bones can be damaged in severe sprains
sprain treatment
surgery may be necessary to restore structure
strength returns over time and proper activity program
possible to experience a partial permanent disability
strain
overstretching and possible tears of muscle or tendon fibres
can be mild moderate or severe
strain symptoms
minor pain accompanies simple strains
spasms, atrophy (waste away) and deformity
palpation = painful and limits movement
tenderness or pain is muscles = myalgia
strain treatment
depends on extent of the strain
prevent buildup of scar tissue at the site of injury / increase blood flow to injured part
anti-inflammatory drugs, stretching, physiotherapy,
emg tests
cervical and lumbar strains
flexion extension to cervical (neck) area and lumbar (lower back) / also called whiplash
cervical and lumbar strain treatment
analgesics and muscle relaxants
rest
chiropractic adjustments
certain cases - symptoms can continue over long periods of time / can be due to complications or psychomatic in nature
fibromyalgia
persistant disabling pain in the muscles 3-6 months over normal recovery period for Soft tissue injury
also called chronic pain syndrome
different from acute pain - pain that lasts a relatively short time
fibromyalgia treatment
main management programs
analgesics / muscle relaxants / anti-depressants
psychological evaluations
imp to confirm no other pre-existing injuries
