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STUDY Flashcards

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1
Q

Steps of the scientific method

A 
state the problem
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Analyze data
Draw a conclusion
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2
Q

Controlled experiment

A

Allows the scientist to test a single variable

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3
Q

Eight characteristics of life

A 
Made of cells
Grow and develop
Reproduce
Maintain stable environment
Genetic material
evolve
Use nutrients
Respond to environment
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4
Q

homeostasis

A

Is the process by which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable

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5
Q

metabolism

A

Is the combinations of chemical reactions that occur in an organism

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6
Q

autotrophs

A

Produce our energy Example: plants, some bacteria, and protist

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7
Q

hererotrophs

A

Must eat other organisms to gain energy Example: fungi, animals, some protests and bacteria

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8
Q

prokaryotes

A

Lack a nucleus

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9
Q

eukarotes

A

Have a nucleus

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10
Q

cell

A

Smallest unit of life

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11
Q

Virus structure

A

DNA/DNA core surrounded by a protein coat

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12
Q

Bacteria structure

A

Cell wall with cell membrane, cytoplasm, no nucleus, and some have the ability to move

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13
Q

ATP

A

Is the energy molecule of the cell

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14
Q

Osmosis

A

Is the movement of water across a membrane from HIGH TO LOW concentration

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15
Q

Osmosis is regulated by

A

Isotonic (even), hypotonic (solution on the inside of the cell has a high concentration then the outside of the cell), and hypersonic (solution on the outside of the cell has a highr concentration than the inside of the cell) solution

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16
Q

When a cell is placed in salt water (hypertonic solution) what will happen

A

Water within the cell will leave and the cell will shrink

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17
Q

The movement of molecules is regulated by…

A

A selectively permeable cell membrane

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18
Q

Passive transport

A

Does NOT require energy to move molecules

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19
Q

Active transport

A

Requires energy to move molecules

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20
Q

diffusion

A

Movement of MOLECULES from areas of HIGH concentration to reads of LOW concentration until equilibrium is reached

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21
Q

osmosis

A

Movement of WATER from areas of HIGH concentration to LOW concentrations until equilibrium is reached

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22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Molecules are mopped across a membrane by a caterer proton, from HIGH to LOW concentration

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23
Q

pinocytosis

A

Taking in large amounts of liquid

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24
Q

phagocytosis

A

Taking in large amounts of food

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25
chlorophyll
Is the pigment in plants that absorbs light in the process of photosynthesis
26
Cell membrane
Is a fluid mosaic (contains many parts) and is semi-permeable
27
The successful functioning of the cell is determined by...
Its structure (orgenelles)
28
plant cells
Cell wall, chloroplast
29
animal cells
No cell wall or chloroplast
30
nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
31
Cell wall
Rigid outermost layer of a plant cell
32
cell membrane
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
33
endoplasmic reticulum
Produces protein and lipid synthesis
34
Golgi apparatus
Package and process proteins and lipids
35
vacuole
Store food and other nutrients
36
lysosomes
Digests and recycles cell components
37
ribosomes
Produces proteins
38
cytoplasm
Substance that keeps everything in place
39
cytoskeleton
Provides shape and support
40
Asexual reproduction
Identical offspring
41
Sexual reproduction
genetically different offspring
42
The cell includes...
G1, S phase, G2, mitosis phase
43
G1
Cell grows by producing more proteins and organelles
44
S phase
DNA replication occurs
45
G2
Cell prepares for cell division with the appearance of centrosomes
46
mitotic phase
Mitosis followed by cytokinesis
47
mitosis
Is cell division that is used for growth and repair of wounds; produces genetically identical cells
48
Phases of mitosis
``` interphase (synthesis growth) Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase (cytokinesis) ```
49
interphase
Resting phase
50
prophase
First stage of cell division,
51
metaphase
second stage, chromosomes attach to spindle fibers
52
anaphase
Chromosomes move apart
53
telophase
Final phase, two cells
54
cancer
Is uncontrolled cell division (mitosis)
55
cell theory
Is the underlying principle of biology
56
Cellular levels of organization determine...
The diversity of life (cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism)
57
Living organisms are composed of....
carbon
58
macromoleules
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
59
carbohydrates
Sugars (monosaccharides) and starches (polysaccharide) (CHO)
60
Lipids (fats)
Oils, waxes, steroids (CHO)
61
Proteins
Amino acids (subunit of a protein) (CHON)
62
Nucleic acids
DNA, DNA (CHONP)
63
Carbohydrates are the main source of...
Energy for living things
64
hydrolysis
Breaks down crabs and they release energy
65
Carbs provide
Quick energy
66
Carbs are typically found in what ratio?
1:2:1 of CHO
67
Carb function (energy)
Energy storage --> starches (plants) and glycogen (animals)
68
Carb function (structure)
Structure --> cellulose (plants) Chanting (animal and fungi)
69
Lipids provide
Long term energy storage
70
Proteins provide
Support and structure
71
Nucleic acid
Store genetic material
72
Dehydration synthesis
Joins monomers by "taking out" H2O
73
hydrolysis
Addition of H2O to break polymers
74
water
Is the universal solvent and essential to life
75
Organic compounds
consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
76
metabolism
Is the combination of chemical reactions that occur in an organism
77
pH
Is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ion presence in a substance
78
Acids range
From 0-6
79
Bases range
From 8-14
80
Neutral range
7
81
Enzymes are..
Proteins that speed up (catalyst) chemical reactions
82
Enzymes breakdown..
Molecules known as substances
83
Enzymes work best...
At specific temperatures and pH
84
All enzymes end in the suffix
-ase
85
energy
Is stored in the chemical molecule ATP
86
ATP
Stores energy in phosphate bonds
87
photosynthesis reactants
Carbon dioxide, sunlight, water
88
Photosynthesis products
Glucose (sugar) and oxygen
89
Cellular respiration
Is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presents of oxygen
90
Cellular respiration includes
glycolysis-Krebs cycle- electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation) the overall process produces a total of 36 ATP from 1 molecule of glucose
91
Cellular respiration reactants
Glucose, oxygen, and water
92
Cellular respiration products
Carbon dioxide, ATP (energy), and water
93
respiration
Requires oxygen is aerobic (provides sustained energy)
94
Types of fermentation
Lactic acid (occurs in animal and some bacteria) and alcoholic (occurs in yeast)
95
Plants conduct
BOTH photosynthesis AND cellular respiration
96
DNa
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
97
Main difference between DNA and RNA
DNA- double stranded, contains ATCG, deoxyribose, in the nucleus RNA- single stranded, contains AUCG, ribose, in the nucleus and cytoplasm
98
Hershey and chase experiment
Used bacteriophage (virus that targets bacteria) to determine that traits were inherited through nucleic acids (DNA) not proteins
99
Double helix
Describes DNA shape
100
chargraffs rules of base pairing
Adenine bonds with thyming, guanine bond with cytosine
101
Bases are bonded by
Hydrogen bonds
102
Nucleotide (submit of DNA strand)
Made up of a nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate
103
Sugar and phosphate
bond to form the backbone of the double helix
104
robosomes
Are used as the site for protein synthesis
105
A gene
Contains the info to assemble protein
106
DNA replication
Occurs in the nucleus DNA double stranded is split by helicase DNA polymerase adds complementary nitrogen bases RESULT: two identical double helixes (each with an original and new strand)
107
Transcription
Takes place inside the nucleus DNA polymerase copies a section of DNA RESULT: produces a strand of messenger RMA (mRNA)
108
translation
mRNA travels to the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosomes tRNA (carrying amino acids) attach to the mRNA tRNA releases amino acids and travels to cytoplasm to retrieve another amino acid Amino acids are linked together to produce a protein
109
DNA 3 base sequence
triplet
110
mRNA 3 base sequence
codon
111
tRNA 3 base sequence
anticodon

bio final (1 decks)

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