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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Steps of the scientific method

A 
state the problem
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Analyze data
Draw a conclusion
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2
Q

Controlled experiment

A

Allows the scientist to test a single variable

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3
Q

Eight characteristics of life

A 
Made of cells
Grow and develop
Reproduce
Maintain stable environment
Genetic material
evolve
Use nutrients
Respond to environment
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4
Q

homeostasis

A

Is the process by which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable

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5
Q

metabolism

A

Is the combinations of chemical reactions that occur in an organism

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6
Q

autotrophs

A

Produce our energy Example: plants, some bacteria, and protist

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7
Q

hererotrophs

A

Must eat other organisms to gain energy Example: fungi, animals, some protests and bacteria

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8
Q

prokaryotes

A

Lack a nucleus

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9
Q

eukarotes

A

Have a nucleus

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10
Q

cell

A

Smallest unit of life

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11
Q

Virus structure

A

DNA/DNA core surrounded by a protein coat

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12
Q

Bacteria structure

A

Cell wall with cell membrane, cytoplasm, no nucleus, and some have the ability to move

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13
Q

ATP

A

Is the energy molecule of the cell

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14
Q

Osmosis

A

Is the movement of water across a membrane from HIGH TO LOW concentration

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15
Q

Osmosis is regulated by

A

Isotonic (even), hypotonic (solution on the inside of the cell has a high concentration then the outside of the cell), and hypersonic (solution on the outside of the cell has a highr concentration than the inside of the cell) solution

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16
Q

When a cell is placed in salt water (hypertonic solution) what will happen

A

Water within the cell will leave and the cell will shrink

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17
Q

The movement of molecules is regulated by…

A

A selectively permeable cell membrane

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18
Q

Passive transport

A

Does NOT require energy to move molecules

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19
Q

Active transport

A

Requires energy to move molecules

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20
Q

diffusion

A

Movement of MOLECULES from areas of HIGH concentration to reads of LOW concentration until equilibrium is reached

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21
Q

osmosis

A

Movement of WATER from areas of HIGH concentration to LOW concentrations until equilibrium is reached

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22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Molecules are mopped across a membrane by a caterer proton, from HIGH to LOW concentration

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23
Q

pinocytosis

A

Taking in large amounts of liquid

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24
Q

phagocytosis

A

Taking in large amounts of food

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25
Q

chlorophyll

A

Is the pigment in plants that absorbs light in the process of photosynthesis

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26
Q

Cell membrane

A

Is a fluid mosaic (contains many parts) and is semi-permeable

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27
Q

The successful functioning of the cell is determined by…

A

Its structure (orgenelles)

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28
Q

plant cells

A

Cell wall, chloroplast

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29
Q

animal cells

A

No cell wall or chloroplast

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30
Q

nucleus

A

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

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31
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid outermost layer of a plant cell

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32
Q

cell membrane

A

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

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33
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Produces protein and lipid synthesis

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34
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Package and process proteins and lipids

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35
Q

vacuole

A

Store food and other nutrients

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36
Q

lysosomes

A

Digests and recycles cell components

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37
Q

ribosomes

A

Produces proteins

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38
Q

cytoplasm

A

Substance that keeps everything in place

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39
Q

cytoskeleton

A

Provides shape and support

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40
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Identical offspring

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41
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

genetically different offspring

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42
Q

The cell includes…

A

G1, S phase, G2, mitosis phase

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43
Q

G1

A

Cell grows by producing more proteins and organelles

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44
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication occurs

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45
Q

G2

A

Cell prepares for cell division with the appearance of centrosomes

46
Q

mitotic phase

A

Mitosis followed by cytokinesis

47
Q

mitosis

A

Is cell division that is used for growth and repair of wounds; produces genetically identical cells

48
Q

Phases of mitosis

A 
interphase (synthesis growth)
Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase (cytokinesis)
49
Q

interphase

A

Resting phase

50
Q

prophase

A

First stage of cell division,

51
Q

metaphase

A

second stage, chromosomes attach to spindle fibers

52
Q

anaphase

A

Chromosomes move apart

53
Q

telophase

A

Final phase, two cells

54
Q

cancer

A

Is uncontrolled cell division (mitosis)

55
Q

cell theory

A

Is the underlying principle of biology

56
Q

Cellular levels of organization determine…

A

The diversity of life (cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism)

57
Q

Living organisms are composed of….

A

carbon

58
Q

macromoleules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

59
Q

carbohydrates

A

Sugars (monosaccharides) and starches (polysaccharide) (CHO)

60
Q

Lipids (fats)

A

Oils, waxes, steroids (CHO)

61
Q

Proteins

A

Amino acids (subunit of a protein) (CHON)

62
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA, DNA (CHONP)

63
Q

Carbohydrates are the main source of…

A

Energy for living things

64
Q

hydrolysis

A

Breaks down crabs and they release energy

65
Q

Carbs provide

A

Quick energy

66
Q

Carbs are typically found in what ratio?

A

1:2:1 of CHO

67
Q

Carb function (energy)

A

Energy storage –> starches (plants) and glycogen (animals)

68
Q

Carb function (structure)

A

Structure –> cellulose (plants) Chanting (animal and fungi)

69
Q

Lipids provide

A

Long term energy storage

70
Q

Proteins provide

A

Support and structure

71
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Store genetic material

72
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Joins monomers by “taking out” H2O

73
Q

hydrolysis

A

Addition of H2O to break polymers

74
Q

water

A

Is the universal solvent and essential to life

75
Q

Organic compounds

A

consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

76
Q

metabolism

A

Is the combination of chemical reactions that occur in an organism

77
Q

pH

A

Is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ion presence in a substance

78
Q

Acids range

A

From 0-6

79
Q

Bases range

A

From 8-14

80
Q

Neutral range

A

7

81
Q

Enzymes are..

A

Proteins that speed up (catalyst) chemical reactions

82
Q

Enzymes breakdown..

A

Molecules known as substances

83
Q

Enzymes work best…

A

At specific temperatures and pH

84
Q

All enzymes end in the suffix

A

-ase

85
Q

energy

A

Is stored in the chemical molecule ATP

86
Q

ATP

A

Stores energy in phosphate bonds

87
Q

photosynthesis reactants

A

Carbon dioxide, sunlight, water

88
Q

Photosynthesis products

A

Glucose (sugar) and oxygen

89
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presents of oxygen

90
Q

Cellular respiration includes

A

glycolysis-Krebs cycle- electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation) the overall process produces a total of 36 ATP from 1 molecule of glucose

91
Q

Cellular respiration reactants

A

Glucose, oxygen, and water

92
Q

Cellular respiration products

A

Carbon dioxide, ATP (energy), and water

93
Q

respiration

A

Requires oxygen is aerobic (provides sustained energy)

94
Q

Types of fermentation

A

Lactic acid (occurs in animal and some bacteria) and alcoholic (occurs in yeast)

95
Q

Plants conduct

A

BOTH photosynthesis AND cellular respiration

96
Q

DNa

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

97
Q

Main difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA- double stranded, contains ATCG, deoxyribose, in the nucleus

RNA- single stranded, contains AUCG, ribose, in the nucleus and cytoplasm

98
Q

Hershey and chase experiment

A

Used bacteriophage (virus that targets bacteria) to determine that traits were inherited through nucleic acids (DNA) not proteins

99
Q

Double helix

A

Describes DNA shape

100
Q

chargraffs rules of base pairing

A

Adenine bonds with thyming, guanine bond with cytosine

101
Q

Bases are bonded by

A

Hydrogen bonds

102
Q

Nucleotide (submit of DNA strand)

A

Made up of a nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate

103
Q

Sugar and phosphate

A

bond to form the backbone of the double helix

104
Q

robosomes

A

Are used as the site for protein synthesis

105
Q

A gene

A

Contains the info to assemble protein

106
Q

DNA replication

A

Occurs in the nucleus
DNA double stranded is split by helicase
DNA polymerase adds complementary nitrogen bases
RESULT: two identical double helixes (each with an original and new strand)

107
Q

Transcription

A

Takes place inside the nucleus
DNA polymerase copies a section of DNA
RESULT: produces a strand of messenger RMA (mRNA)

108
Q

translation

A

mRNA travels to the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosomes
tRNA (carrying amino acids) attach to the mRNA
tRNA releases amino acids and travels to cytoplasm to retrieve another amino acid
Amino acids are linked together to produce a protein

109
Q

DNA 3 base sequence

A

triplet

110
Q

mRNA 3 base sequence

A

codon

111
Q

tRNA 3 base sequence

A

anticodon

bio final (1 decks)

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