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Complex Ex Management > Study > Flashcards

Study Flashcards

1
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

build up of fatty plaque deposits in the arteries

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2
Q

What happens if a plaque ruptures in a coronary artery

A

Causes a blood clot and blocks a coronary artery

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3
Q

What happens if plaque occlusion of an artery reaches 70%

A

insufficient blood will be delivered leading to heart failure

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4
Q

What BP is hypertension

A

140/90

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5
Q

how many women have hypertension

A

1 in 5

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6
Q

how many men have hypertension

A

1 in 4

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7
Q

Why does the CV system fatigue during hypertension

A

heart has to work harder due to enlarged walls, shrinking chambers, and peripheral resistance of the heart

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8
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

Atherosclerosis in the periphery

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9
Q

What causes ischemic pain

A

lack of O2

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10
Q

What happens if a plaque ruptures in a the periphery

A

stroke or myocardial infarction

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11
Q

Can exercise repair ischemic tissue

A

No

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12
Q

Can exercise remove atherosclerotic deposits

A

Not completely

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13
Q

When should you return to exercise after a CV event

A

ASAP (within 8-12 weeks)

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14
Q

What chamber of the heart can be impaired in patients with CHD

A

left ventricle

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15
Q

What is BP

A

Cardiac output * Total peripheral resistance

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16
Q

Cardiac output

A

HR * SV

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17
Q

Who should use the Bruce assessment protocol

A

young/healthy people as it is faster and more intense

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18
Q

Who should use the Naughton assessment protocol

A

Less functional people

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19
Q

Who should use the Balke-Ware assessment protocol

A

Less functional people

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20
Q

What are the Angina rating scale

A
  1. Mild, barely noticable
  2. Moderate, bothersome
  3. Moderately severe, very uncomfortable (consider terminating the test here)
  4. Most severe pain ever experienced (stop the test)
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21
Q

What are the Dyspnea rating scale

A
  1. Light, barely noticeable
  2. Moderate, bothersome
  3. Moderately severe, very uncomfortable (consider terminating the test here)
  4. Most severe or intense dyspnea ever experienced (stop the test)
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22
Q

What can cause a myocardial infarction

A

Usually a result of atherosclerotic plaque rupture (can be coronary artery or peripheral)

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23
Q

Does the heart stop beating during a myocardial infarction

A

Not always

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24
Q

Symptoms of myocardial infarction

A

angina
shortness of breath
anxiety

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25
Q

Treatment of myocardial infarction

A

O2 supplementation
Nitrogylcerin - vasodilator (causes arteries to dilate and pump more blood through)
Defibrillation - shock the SA node

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26
Q

What is Heart Failure

A

Inability for the heart to deliver blood to metabolising tissue

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27
Q

Does the heart stop beating during a heart failure

A

No

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28
Q

What is systolic heart failure

A

impaired ventricular contraction

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29
Q

What is diastolic heart failure

A

impaired ventricular filling

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30
Q

What is Valvular Regurgitation

A

Leaflets of valve don’t close properly allowing blood to seep back thru
Volume overload of ventricles occur if blood is pumped back into the aorta
Enlargement of the chamber
Can lead to heart failure

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31
Q

What is stenosis

A

Leaflets of valves fail to open properly
Higher resistance is encountered (higher blood pressure)
Hypertrophy of ventricular walls
Can lead to heart failure

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32
Q

Can Valvular Regurgitation and Stenosis lead to heart failure

A

Yes

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33
Q

What is the role of statins

A

inhibit liver cholesterol

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33
Q

What is the role of beta blockers

A

limit HR

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34
Q

What is the role of anti arrhythmic agents and anti thrombogenic agents

A

thinning the blood and maintaining sinus rhythm

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35
Q

What is the role of ACEI

A

vasodilator in the peripheral arteries

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36
Q

What is the role of anti anginal agents

A

vasodilation of the coronary arteries

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37
Q

What does ACEI stand for

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

38
Q

How do diuretics work?

A

Reduces sodium reabsorption -> water to be pulled from the tissues to -> extracellular fluid is reduced -> BP lowers

39
Q

How should aerobic training intensity be monitored in heart disease patients

A

RPE
HR at a % of the onset of complications rather than % of HRmax

40
Q

What type of aerobic training should be prescribed for heart disease PT

A

Intermittent training with 3-5mins rest

41
Q

What class of heart disease PT should avoid isometric exercises

A

II-IV

42
Q

What type of resistance training should PT with MI undertake

A

High reps

43
Q

What is the HRmax for PT with MI

A

HRrest + 20bpm

44
Q

What are the exercise rec. for PT 1 month post MI

A

2-3 sessions/week
15-20mins
2.5-5km/h on treadmill

45
Q

What are the exercise rec. for PT 2-6 months post MI

A

4-5 sessions/week
30-40mins
85% HRR

46
Q

How many kJ should hypertension PT aim to expend

A

1000kJ/day

47
Q

What are the aerobic exercise rec. for hypertension PT

A

30min sessions
4-7 week
<70% VO2max intensity

48
Q

What are the resistance exercise rec. for hypertension PT

A

high rep range
circuit training
no valsalva manoeuvres
longer rest between sets

49
Q

What are the aerobic exercise rec. for peripheral vascular disease PT

A

3 times/week
50-80% HRmax
minimum 15mins but building to >30mins
Typically walking

50
Q

What is the main exercise goal for heart failure patients

A

Improve peripheral O2 kinetics

51
Q

What are the aerobic exercise rec. for heart failure PT

A

40-85% peak VO2
30-60mins
3-5days/week

52
Q

What are the resistance exercise rec. for heart failure PT

A

single joint exercises to place less strain on myocardium
Reduce blood lactate following training

53
Q

What are the resistance exercise rec. for valvular disease PT

A

Exercise is not a form of treatment

54
Q

How is asthma diagnosed

A

Peak flow rate. If there is a >20% improvement from initial peak flow rate after taking medication, then asthma can be diagnosed

55
Q

What is peak flow rate

A

used to diagnose asthma. How quickly air can be expired

56
Q

What can trigger asthma during exercise

A

cool dry air

57
Q

What are the 2 types of COPD

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

58
Q

What is chronic bronchitis

A

Increased number and size of mucal glands in the airway

59
Q

What is emphysema

A

destruction of the bronchiole walls. Removes surface area for gas exchange, reducing O2 to be circulated around the body

60
Q

What is the primary cause of COPD

A

cigarette smoke

61
Q

What are the symptoms of COPD

A

Same as asthma

62
Q

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis

A

Same as COPD and asthma

62
Q

How is COPD diagnosed

A

FEV1:FVC ratio <70% = COPD. FEV1 is less than 80% of predicted value

63
Q

What is ventolin

A

fast acting asthma reliever. Bronchodilator

64
Q

What are Beta2-adrenoceptor agonists

A

salbutamol, levalbuterol

65
Q

Why is aerosol intake medication more suitable than oral for asthma PT

A

No need for stomach digestion as it can head straight to the lungs

66
Q

What is the best mode of exercise for asthma PT

A

swimming

67
Q

What is extremely important for asthma PT

A

warm up

68
Q

What is epinephrine

A

vasodilator for COPD

69
Q

What is theophylline

A

sustained bronchodilator for COPD

70
Q

What does a much-regulator do

A

breakdowns mucus

71
Q

What should be monitored during exercise for COPD PT

A

O2 saturation

72
Q

wrote learn normative values for cholesterol

A

…

73
Q

What increases in the Bruce protocol?

A

speed and elevation

74
Q

What increases in the Balke-Ware protocol

A

elevation in 1% intervals (starting at 2%)

75
Q

What increases in the Naughton protocol

A

Elevation (speed only increases from stage 1 -> 2)

76
Q

What is the P wave

A

polarisation of the atrioventricular node

77
Q

What are the limitations of asthmatic PT performing physical assessmetns

A

none. They can perform any test as long as they have reliver medication on stadby

78
Q

What is the QRS complex

A

depolarisation of the ventricles

79
Q

What is the T wave

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles

80
Q

Can COPD and late stage cystic fibrosis PT perform any exercise assessment

A

no

81
Q

What is the normal FEV1:FVC ratio

A

70-80%

82
Q

Why is swimming/cycling better for asthmatic PT

A

Lower respiratory demand due to effort intensity + muscle mass used = more O2 required

83
Q

When should the session be terminated for an asthmatic PT

A

if medication does not reverse bronchoconstriction

84
Q

What is the main goal for asthmatic PT

A

Improve aerobic capacity/ventilatory reserve

85
Q

COPD exercise guidelines

A

Intensity - highest tolerable
Freq - regular
Duration - 20-40mins
Mode - whole body

86
Q

What sort of exercise should COPD PT focus on

A

aerobic

87
Q

Cystic Fibrosis exercise guidelines

A

Intensity - target HR is below the point of O2 desaturation. Resistance training should be using high rep ranges
Duration - standard 30min target
Mode - multiple
Freq - 3-5 days per week

88
Q

What muscle is used for inspiration

A

Diaphragm

89
Q

What are the rectus abdominus and intercostal muscles used for

A

contract and increase vol of lungs

90
Q

What are the external intercostal muscles used for

A

force air out by restricting capacity of the lungs

91
Q
A

Complex Ex Management (1 decks)

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