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Phlebotomy > Study > Flashcards

Study Flashcards

1
Q

PTT

A

Lt Blue Top: Partial Thromboplastin Time test evaluates the blood clotting process.

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2
Q

PT

A

Lt Blue Top: Prothrombin Time test measures how long it takes for blood to clot.

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3
Q

FDP

A

Lt Blue Top: Fibrin Degradation Products test measures the level of fibrinolysis in the body.

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4
Q

INR

A

Lt Blue Top: International Normalized Ratio test standardizes the PT results for monitoring blood clotting.

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5
Q

Blood type

A

Red Top (Glass): Determines the ABO and Rh blood group of an individual.

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6
Q

BHCG

A

Red Top (Glass): Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin test detects pregnancy hormone in blood.

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7
Q

TDM

A

Red Top (Glass): Therapeutic Drug Monitoring assesses drug levels in the blood to optimize dosage.

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8
Q

Hep B

A

Red Top (Glass): Hepatitis B test detects antigens or antibodies related to Hepatitis B virus.

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9
Q

HIV

A

Red Top (Glass): Human Immunodeficiency Virus test detects antibodies or antigens related to HIV infection.

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10
Q

CMP

A

Gold Top (SST): Comprehensive Metabolic Panel test evaluates kidney and liver function, electrolyte levels, and blood sugar.

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11
Q

BMP

A

Gold Top (SST): Basic Metabolic Panel test assesses kidney function, blood sugar, and electrolyte balance.

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12
Q

LDL

A

Gold Top (SST): Low-Density Lipoprotein test measures the amount of cholesterol carried by LDL particles.

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13
Q

HDL

A

Gold Top (SST): High-Density Lipoprotein test measures the amount of cholesterol carried by HDL particles.

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14
Q

TRIG

A

Gold Top (SST): Triglycerides test measures the level of triglycerides in the blood.

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15
Q

Cardiac Electrolytes

A

Green Top: Tests for electrolyte levels related to heart function, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium.

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16
Q

Ammonia Levels

A

Green Top: Measures the level of ammonia in the blood, which can indicate liver or kidney dysfunction.

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17
Q

Plasma Determination

A

Green Top: Determines the levels of various substances in the blood plasma, such as proteins and waste products.

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18
Q

Cardiac Enzymes

A

Lavender Top: Tests for enzymes released during heart muscle damage, such as troponin and creatine kinase.

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19
Q

CBC/Differential

A

Lavender Top: Complete Blood Count with Differential test provides detailed information about different blood cell types.

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20
Q

PLT

A

Lavender Top: Platelet count measures the number of platelets in the blood, important for clotting.

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21
Q

ESR

A

Lavender Top: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate test measures inflammation in the body.

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22
Q

CK

A

Lavender Top: Creatine Kinase test evaluates muscle damage, particularly in the heart.

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23
Q

FBS

A

Gray Top: Fasting Blood Sugar test measures glucose levels after a period of fasting.

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24
Q

GTT

A

Gray Top: Glucose Tolerance Test assesses the body’s ability to metabolize glucose.

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25
Q

BAT

A

Gray Top: Blood Alcohol Test measures the concentration of alcohol in the blood.

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26
Q

Yellow (SPS) tube

A

Blood Culture

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27
Q

Lt Blue tube

A

Sodium Citrate

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28
Q

Red tube (glass)

A

No Additive

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29
Q

Red tube (plastic)

A

Clot Activator

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30
Q

Gold tube

A

Clot Activator

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31
Q

Green tube

A

Sodium Heparin, Lithium Heparin, Ammonium Heparin

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32
Q

Lt Green tube

A

Lithium Heparin

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33
Q

Lavender tube

A

EDTA

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34
Q

Grey tube

A

Potassium Oxalate & Sodium Fluoride

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35
Q

Yellow tube

A

ACD

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36
Q

The Circulatory system

A

The function of this system is to deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and enzymes to
the cells (exchange is done at the capillary level) and to transport cellular waste such
as carbon dioxide and urea to the organs (lung and kidneys, respectively) where they
can be expelled from the body. It is a transport system where the blood is the vehicle,
the blood vessels, the tubes, and the heart work as the pump

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37
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

This carries deoxygenated blood from the right
ventricle to the lungs (oxygenation takes place at the alveoli) and returns
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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38
Q

Systemic circulation

A

This carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
throughout the body.

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39
Q

Each side of the heart (right and left)

A

Is composed of an upper chamber, the atrium,
and a lower chamber, the ventricle.

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40
Q

The tricuspid valve

A

this is an atrioventricular valve, being situated between the right atrium
and right ventricle.

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41
Q

The pulmonic valve

A

a semi-lunar valve situated between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery.

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42
Q

The mitral valve (also known as the bicuspid valve)

A

this is another atrioventricular valve, being situated between the left atrium, and left ventricle.

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43
Q

The aortic valve

A

a semi lunar valve situated between the left ventricle and the
aorta.

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44
Q

The heart has three layers

A

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium

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45
Q

Endocardium

A

The endothelial inner layer lining of the heart.

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46
Q

Myocardium

A

The muscular middle layer. This is the contractile layer of the
heart.

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47
Q

Epicardium

A

The fibrous outer layer of the heart. The coronary arteries, which
supply blood to the heart, are found in this layer.

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48
Q

The blood vessels

A

Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, superior
and inferior vena cava.

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49
Q

Vena Cava

A

The largest vein in the human body. Returns deoxygenated blood to the
right atrium.

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50
Q

Aorta

A

The largest artery in the human body. Takes blood away from the left ventricle
to the entire body.

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51
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

The only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood.

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52
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

The only veins that carry oxygenated blood.

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53
Q

The blood vessels, except for the capillaries, are composed of three layers

A

The outer connective tissue layer is called the tunica adventitia. The middle smooth muscle layer is called the tunica media. The inner endothelial layer is called the tunica intima.

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54
Q

Aorta, arteries, and arterioles

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the various parts of the body; while the venules, veins, and superior and inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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55
Q

The capillaries

A

Composed only of a layer of endothelial cells, connect the arterioles
and venules. As such, capillary blood is a mixture of arterial and venous blood. The
thin walls allow rapid exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste
products between the blood and tissue cells.

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56
Q

Avg Adult Blood

A

5-6L

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57
Q

Avg pH adult blood

A

pH between 7.35-7.45.

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58
Q

Plasma 55%

A

The cellular portion is called the “formed elements‟. Plasma comprises 55% of the circulating blood and contains proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and H20 (90%). 45% Erythrocytes (TBV), <1% buffy coat (WBC/Platelets) words used- has/contain

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59
Q

Serum

A

Liquid Portion of blood containing clotted blood. no formed elements, no fibrinogen used words -lacks

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60
Q

Urea

A

The waste product is destined for excretion by the kidneys.

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61
Q

Plasma 45%

A

45% of the blood. They are erythrocytes (red blood cells), which comprise 99% of the formed elements, the leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets).

62
Q

Pericardium

A

A fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels.

63
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A

It envelopes the heart and forms the epicardium – the most superficial layer of the heart.

64
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

The outer layer of the pericardium is a thin sac of tissue that surrounds the heart.

65
Q

Veins

A

Brings blood towards the heart, Deoxygenated blood (CO2), have valves, low-pressure system

66
Q

Arteries

A

Takes blood away from the heart, oxygenated blood (O2), no values, high pressure system

67
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head and arms above naval area

68
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart from all body regions below the diaphragm. everything else

69
Q

All blood cells

A

Originate from stem cells in the bone marrow.

70
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Immature red blood cells with a nucleus (2-3 days cell wall drop nucleus)

71
Q

Hemoglobin

A

O2 binding protein

72
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Mature red blood cell, lacks a nucleus, and contain hemoglobin (life expectancy 120 days)

73
Q

Leukocytes

A

The function is to provide the body protection against infection. (fastest dividing cells ) (4.5-10.5 range) Assist the body in fighting pathogens

74
Q

Avg Adult WBC

A

5,000 to 10,000 per ML

75
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Which is an increase in WBCs, is seen in cases of infection
and leukemia.

76
Q

Leukopenia

A

Which is a decrease in WBCs, is seen with viral infection or
chemotherapy.

77
Q

Five types of WBCs in the blood

A

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

78
Q

Neutrophils

A

The most numerous, comprise about 40% to 60% of WBC
population. They are phagocytic cells, meaning, they engulf and digest
bacteria. Their number increases in bacterial infection, and often, the first one
on the scene. Most abundant

79
Q

Lymphocytes

A

The second most numerous, comprising about 20% to 40% of the WBC population. Their number increases in viral infection, and they play a role in immunity. Responsible for carrying antibodies (response to foreign things in the body)

80
Q

Monocytes

A

Comprising 3% to 8% of the population, they are also the largest
WBCs. They are monocytes in the circulating blood, but when they pass
into the tissues, they transform into macrophages and become powerful
phagocytes. Their number increases in intracellular infections and tuberculosis. Largest of all white blood cells (phagocytes)

81
Q

Eosinophils

A

Represent 1% to 3% of the WBC population. They are active
against antibody-labeled foreign molecules. Their numbers are increased in
allergies, skin infections, and parasitic infections.

82
Q

Basophils

A

Account for 0% to 1% of WBCs in the blood. They carry
histamine, which is released in allergic reactions only. Histamine is released causing capillaries to dilate and increase temperature creates a barrier around the area destroying it (heating it up)

83
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets)

A

Small irregularly shaped packets of cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes. Essential for blood coagulation, the average number of platelets is 140,000 to 440,000 per micro liter of blood. They have a life span of 9 to 12 days.

84
Q

Hemostasis

A

Is the process by which blood vessels are repaired after injury. This
process starts from vascular contraction as an initial reaction to injury, then to clot
formation, and finally, removal of the clot when the repair to injury is done.

85
Q

4 stages of Hemostasis

A

Stage 1: Vascular phase (Vasoconstriction)
Stage 2: Platelet phase
Stage 3: Coagulation phase
Stage 4: Fibrinolysis Phase

86
Q

Stage 1: Vascular phase (Vasoconstriction)

A

Injury to a blood vessel causes it to constrict decreasing the flow of
blood.

87
Q

Stage 2 – Platelet phase

A

Injury to the endothelial lining causes platelets to adhere to it.
Additional platelets stick to the site finally forming a temporary platelet
plug in a process called “aggregation‟.
The vascular phase and platelet phase comprise the primary hemostasis. The bleeding time test is used to evaluate primary hemostasis.

88
Q

Stage 3 – Coagulation phase

A

This involves a cascade of interactions of coagulation factors that
convert the temporary platelet plug to a stable fibrin clot. The
coagulation cascade involves an intrinsic system and an extrinsic system,
which ultimately come together in a common pathway.
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) – a test used to evaluate
the intrinsic pathway. This is also used to monitor heparin therapy.
Prothrombin time (PT) – a test used to evaluate the extrinsic pathway.
This is also used to monitor Coumadin therapy.

89
Q

Stage 4 – Fibrinolysis Phase

A

This is the breakdown and removal of the clot. As tissue repair starts,
plasmin (an enzyme) starts breaking down the fibrin in the clot. Fibrin
degradation products (FDPs) measurement is used to monitor the rate
of fibrinolysis.

90
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease carrying microbes

91
Q

CBC/differential

A

measures in 100s to 1000s

92
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Clotting protein

93
Q

Hemostasis

A

Cessation/stoppage of bleeding
Repair of damaged blood vessels

94
Q

Three major veins

A

Are in the antecubital fossa Median cubital vein, Cephalic vein, Basilic vein

95
Q

Median cubital vein

A

The vein of choice because it is large and does
not tend to move when the needle is inserted.

96
Q

Cephalic vein

A

The second choice. It is usually more difficult to locate
and tends to move, however, it is often the only vein that can be
palpated in the obese patient.

97
Q

Basilic vein

A

The third choice. It is the least firmly anchored and
located near the brachial artery. If the needle is inserted too deep, this
artery may be punctured.

98
Q

Unsuitable veins for venipuncture are

A

Sclerosed veins
Thrombotic veins – veins with clots due to multiple sticks.
Tortuous veins – These are winding or crooked veins. These veins are
susceptible to infection, and since blood flow is impaired, the specimen
collected may produce erroneous test results.

99
Q

Sclerosed veins

A

These veins feel hard or cordlike. Can be caused
by disease, inflammation, chemotherapy, or repeated venipunctures.

100
Q

Thrombotic veins

A

Veins with clots due to multiple sticks.

101
Q

Tortuous veins

A

These are winding or crooked veins. These veins are
susceptible to infection, and since blood flow is impaired, the specimen
collected may produce erroneous test results.

102
Q

Do not draw blood from

A

Do not draw blood from an arm with IV fluids running into it. The
fluid will alter the test results. Select another site. Do not draw blood from
AV fistula sites such as those surgically implanted for dialysis patients,
chemotherapy, or from the side of a mastectomy.

103
Q

Supplies for Venipuncture

A

Laboratory requisition slip and pen.
Antiseptic, Vacutainer tubes, Vacutainer needles, Needle adapters, Winged infusion sets, Sterile syringes and needles, Tourniquets, Chux, Specimen labels, Gloves, Needle disposal container

104
Q

Antiseptic

A

Prepackaged 70% isopropyl alcohol pads are the most commonly
used.
For collections that require more stringent infection control such as
blood cultures, Povidone-iodine (Betadine) solution is commonly
used.
For patients allergic to alcohol; iodine, chlorhexidine gluconate or
benzalkonium chloride is used.

105
Q

Vacutainer tubes

A

Color-coded for specific tests and available in adult and pediatric
sizes. Must follow the order of draw.

106
Q

Vacutainer needles

A

These are disposable and are used only once both for single-tube
draw and multidraw (more than one tube).
Needle sizes differ both in length and gauge. 1-inch and 1.5-inch
long are routinely used.
The diameter of the bore of the needle is referred to as the gauge.
The smaller the gauge the bigger the diameter of the needle; the
bigger the gauge the smaller the diameter of the needle (i.e. 16
gauge is a large bore and 23 gauge is small bore.) Needles smaller
than 21 gauge are not used for drawing hematology tubes because
they can cause hemolysis.

107
Q

Needle adapters

A

Also called the tube holder, or needle holder. One end has a small
opening that connects the needle, and the other end has a wide
opening to hold the collection tube.

108
Q

Winged infusion sets

A

Used for venipuncture on small veins such as those in the hand.
They are also used for venipuncture in the elderly and pediatric
patients.
The most common size is 23 gauge, ½ to ¾ inch long.

109
Q

Sterile syringes and needles

A

A 10-20 ml syringe is used when the Vacutainer method cannot be
used.

110
Q

Tourniquets

A

Prevents the venous outflow of blood from the arm causing the veins
to bulge thereby making it easier to locate the veins.
The most common tourniquet used is a non-latex strip. (Creates venous resistance)
To prevent hemoconcentration needle insertion <60sec

111
Q

Antiseptic

A

Use on living tissue
Antimicrobial substance or compound that is applied to living tissue to reduce the possibility of sepsis, infection, or putrefaction

112
Q

Disinfectant

A

Used on nonliving things
Chemical substances or compounds used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces.

113
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

A biological or chemical agent that stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily killing them otherwise. Depending on their application, bacteriostatic antibiotics, disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives can be distinguished.

114
Q

70% Isopropyl Alcohol

A

Is bacteriostatic inhibits growth or reproduction of bacteria but doesn’t kill them (antiseptic)

115
Q

Alternatives to Isopropyl Alcohol

A

Povidone/iodine (Betadine), Benzalkonium chloride (zephiran chloride), chlorhexidine gluconate

116
Q

Povidone/iodine (Betadine)

A

Do not use for special tests ie thyroid test

117
Q

Benzalkonium chloride (zephiran chloride)

A

Used for blood culture and for patients sensitive to iodine not used for those younger than 2 months

118
Q

Chux

A

An impermeable usually a (blue) pad used to protect the patient’s
clothing and bedding.

119
Q

Specimen labels

A

To be placed on each tube at the end of the venipuncture collection.

120
Q

Gloves

A

Must always be worn when collecting the blood specimen part of the
PPE (personal protection equipment) as per OSHA.

121
Q

Needle disposal container

A

Must be a marked red SHARPS puncture-resistant biohazard
disposal container.
NEEDLES MUST NEVER BE RECAPPED.

122
Q

21g needle

A

Most common used

123
Q

Diameter of Needle

A

As the diameter head increases the gauge decreases (25g)
As the diameter head decreases the gauge increases (16g)

124
Q

Antecubital

A

Anterior of the cubical front of the elbow

125
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Any chemical/substance that will prevent blood from clotting

126
Q

Aseptic

A

Without disease/infection

127
Q

Collapsed Vein

A

Person veins may not tolerate the vacuum of the tube

128
Q

Concentric Circle

A

Cleaning in circles, cleaning from center to outward

129
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Bruise

130
Q

Edematous

A

Fluid swelling in the tissue (not due to injury)

131
Q

Exsanguination

A

Loss of a lot of blood we taken out (over drawing blood on the patient)

132
Q

Hematoma

A

Tumor blood seepage of blood into the tissues
The most common complication of phlebotomy procedure. This
indicates that blood has accumulated in the tissue surrounding the vein. The
two most common causes are the needle going through the vein, and/or failure
to apply enough pressure on the site after needle withdrawal.

133
Q

Hemolysis

A

Breakdown of red blood cells

134
Q

Hemoconcentration

A

Prolong the needle for more than 60s
The increase in the proportion of formed elements to
plasma is caused by the tourniquet being left on too long. More than (1) minute
prior to needle insertion.

135
Q

Iatrogenic anemia

A

Anemia caused by phlebotomist overdrawing blood

136
Q

Lymphostasis

A

Do not draw blood on that side lymphatic fluid

137
Q

Palpate

A

Act of touch

138
Q

Petechiae

A

Capillaries that burst under the skin due to the tourniquet being too tight
These are tiny non-raised red spots that appear on the skin from
rupturing of the capillaries due to the tourniquet being left on too long or too
tight.

139
Q

Sclerosis veins

A

That will palpate that are hard and stiff to touch

140
Q

Syncope

A

passing out/fainting

141
Q

Venous reflux

A

Blood sucked back up when drawing (tube back to the body)

142
Q

Hematocrit

A

Separate blood

143
Q

Hematology

A

Study of blood

144
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein as a result of repeated venipuncture on that
vein.

145
Q

Thrombus

A

This is a blood clot usually a consequence of insufficient pressure
applied after the withdrawal of the needle.

146
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein with formation of a clot

147
Q

Trauma

A

This is an injury to underlying tissues caused by probing the
needle.

148
Q

Edema

A

Is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues. Collection from edematous
tissue alters test results.

149
Q

Fistula

A

Is the permanent surgical connection between an artery and a vein.
Fistulas are used for dialysis procedures and must never be used for
venipunctures due to the possibility of infection.

150
Q
A

Phlebotomy (1 decks)

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