study 13,14,&15

Question 1

Energy in (food) =

Answer 1

Energy out (how body uses calories)

Question 2

Energy equilibrium-

Answer 2

no change in fat stores (weight).

Question 3

Energy in > Energy out =

Answer 3

increased fat stores (weight gain) (adipose tissue)

Question 4

Energy in < Energy out =

Answer 4

decreases fat (decreases weight)

Question 5

Total energy expenditure (calories use) =

Answer 5

metabolism (cals to stay alive) +
physical activity (muscle movement)+
calories needed to metabolize & store nutrients

Question 6

Basal (minimum) metabolism (measuring o2 in and co2 out) -

Answer 6

minimal calories (in morning before arise)

Question 7

Organ that uses the most energy -

Answer 7

Liver

Question 8

Male

Answer 8

1.0 kcal/kg-hr.

Question 9

female

Answer 9

0.9 kcal/kg.hr

Question 10

BMR (basal metabolism rate)

Answer 10

your weight (m/f) /2.2kg x 1.0 kcal (M) x 24hrs. =

Question 11

Influence on Metabolism

Answer 11

• muscle mass/lean body mass
• surface area
• thyroid hormone regulates metabolism

Question 12

Increases metabolism

Answer 12

growth, fever, stress, exercise, smoking

Question 13

Decreases metabolism

Answer 13

aging (2% every 10 years), dieting

Question 14

factors decrease

Answer 14

lower lean body mass, lower height, older age, depressed levels of thyroid hormone, starvation, female

Question 15

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis

Answer 15

NEAT

Question 16

thermic effect of food (energy cost of eating food)

Answer 16

energy for digestion absorption transport, storage of nutrients - 10% of calories

Question 17

physical activity (out of energy expenditure)

Answer 17

varies the most among individuals

Question 18

% Body fat

Answer 18

Male - 10-20%, Female 20-30% fat

Question 19

Skinfold measurements (fatfold)-

Answer 19

measures subcantaneous fat (under skin)

Question 20

calipers (measurement device)

Answer 20

should correlate with total body fat

Question 21

Underwater weighing-

Answer 21

determines body density, less dense = more fat

Question 22

Air displacement-

Answer 22

density measurement

Question 23

Bioelectrical empedance analyis

Answer 23

measures the intensity of electrical current. fat impededs the flow of electricity/lean tissues conducts electricity

Question 24

Healthy Weight (% body fat)

Answer 24

• waist circumference
• suggests location of body fat
• visceral fat (more dangerous)
• subcantaneous fat
• waist to hip ratio
• body mass index (weightkg/height m2)

Question 25

BMI (body mass index)

Answer 25

problems- body builders, muscular people have increased BMI

-ideal BMI varies with different ethnic groups

Question 26

Waist circumference

Answer 26

Female - 35” Male - 40”

Question 27

Healthy BMI-

Answer 27

18.5-25,
overweight- 25-30
Obese - over 30

Question 28

Problems with BMI-

Answer 28

doesn’t indicate location of bodyfat- include waist circumference

Question 29

obesity

Answer 29

excessive body fat

Question 30

Health risks of obesity

Answer 30

• heart disease
• cancer
• stroke
• diabetes
• arthritis (hips&knees)
• gallstones
• respiratory illness

Question 31

Causes of obesity

Answer 31

E in > E out, environmental factors (food intake, exercise, culture, habits)

Question 32

Genetics (proof role in obesity)

Answer 32

2 parents obese - 80%risk in children
0 “ “- 10% risk
Adopters- weights of biological higher versus adopted parents
Identical twins- have same body composition

Question 33

Genetic influence - genes = protein “obesity genes”

Answer 33

increased food intake - decreased expenditure

• some proteins in digestive tract
• some proteins in fat tissue
• metabolism?
• activity?

Question 34

Leptin (protein in fat tissue)

Answer 34

adipose cells(fat cells) make leptin - signals brain to adjust food intake

Question 35

Ghrelin (stomach hormones)

Answer 35

-signals “hunger” to brain, induces hunger intake, stimulates food to brain

Question 36

Uncoupling Proteins

Answer 36

affects energy expenditures (increased heat loss)