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BIOL243 Test 1 🫀 > Study > Flashcards

Study Flashcards

1
Q

The four basic tissues

A

Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous, Connective

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2
Q

Nervous System Cells

A

Myelin, Neurons, Glia

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3
Q

Muscle Cells

A

Skeletal - striated, peripheral nuclei, well defined sarcomeres; voluntary

Cardiac - striated, branched fibres, intercalated discs; involuntary, vascularised

Smooth - no sarcomeres = no striations, cells can divide, involuntary

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4
Q

Epithelial Cells

A

Surface - non vascular, outside: keratin, hair, nails etc. inside: mucosal, endothelium

Glands - exocrine: liver, endocrine: thyroid

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5
Q

Connective cells

A

Vascular, transport cells, blood etc, resist traction, resist compression, mechanical support in glands

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6
Q

Cardio/Pulmonary System Provides

A

Blood circulation, oxygenation and CO2 removal, nutrients in and catabolites out, temperature control

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7
Q

All tissues are

A

Vascularised except outer layer of the skin, hair, nails, hyaline, cartilage, cornea.

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8
Q

Cardiac composition

A

Connective tissue, epithelium, both smooth and striated muscle

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9
Q

Immune/Lymphatic system

A
  • general, local defence from pathogens, immune surveillance
  • lymphatic system supports immunity and helps extra fluid excretion
  • mostly connective tissue
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10
Q

Central Nervous/Peripheral Nervous system

A 
CNS = brain and spinal cord
PNS = everything outside the skull and spine, ganglia, local neurons in many organs
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11
Q

Sensory Division of CNS/PNS

A

vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, somatosensory

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12
Q

Integrative division of CNS/PNS

A

processes information, creation and storage of memory

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13
Q

Motor division of CNS/PNS

A

How we respond to and move about in our environment.

  1. Contraction of skeletal muscle- voluntary
  2. Contraction of smooth muscle - involuntary
  3. Secretion from selected glands, sweat etc - involuntary
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14
Q

Low brain level function

A

Medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, basal ganglia.

Controls - arterial pressure, respiration, equilibrium, feeding reflexes, emotional patterns, fear etc

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15
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic divisions.
Controls - blood pressure, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, visceral functions
Resides in - nuclei in hypothalamus, brain stem and spinal cord, ganglia outside CNS
Activated by - subconscious visceral reflexes

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16
Q

SNS

A

Accelerator for cardiovascular

Brake for gastrointestinal

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17
Q

PSNS

A

accelerates gastrointestinal

Brake for cardiovascular

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18
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Located in effector tissues.
Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and sacral nerves.
Pre Ganglionic neurons - very long
Post ganglionic neurons - short, located in the wall of the organ

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19
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Located close to spinal cord
Preganglionic neuron - 2 paravertebral sympathetic chains of ganglia, always make synapses with post ganglionic neurons, short
Post Ganglionic - long

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20
Q

Preganglionic terminals

A

Secrete acetylcholine, are cholinergic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

21
Q

Post ganglionic PSNS nerves

A

are cholinergic - release acetylcholine at their nerve endings

22
Q

Post ganglionic SNS nerves

A

are adrenergic, release norepinephrine at their nerve endings
Exception: sweat glands, piloerector muscles and a few blood vessels - cholinergic

23
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Synthesised in the nerve endings by acetylcholine coA and choline

Neutralised by acetylcholinesterase - AChE - fastest enzyme

24
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Synthesised from the amino acid tyrosine.

25
Q

Adrenergic Neurotransmitters - Parasympathetic

A

Nerves release acetylcholine which excites 2 types of receptors

Nicotinic - found in synapses between pre and post ganglionic neurons and at neuromuscular junction - ligand gated ion channels

Muscarinic - found on all effector cells, stimulated by post ganglionic parasympathetic fibres - G protein coupled receptors

26
Q

Adrenergic Neurotransmitters - Sympathetic

A

Nerves release norepinephrine which stimulates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.

Alpha - located on blood vessels, vasoconstriction

Beta - further divides into B1 B2 B3
B1 - increases heart rate and contractility
B2 - causes bronchial dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles, calorigenesis and glycogenesis.

27
Q

Stress Response

A
  • Increase in arterial pressure
  • heart rate increase
  • blood flow to muscles
  • glucose release = energy
  • metabolic rate increases
  • muscle strength
  • blood coagulation
  • prepares body for vigorous activity

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

28
Q

Autonomic nervous system effect on Eye

A

Sympathetic - pupillary dilation

Parasympathetic- pupillary construction and accomodation (focussing) of lens

29
Q

Autonomic Nervous System effect on glands

A

Sympathetic - stimulates sweat glands

Parasympathetic- stimulates nasal, lacrimal, salivary and gastrointestinal glands

30
Q

Autonomic nervous system effect on Heart

A

Sympathetic - increased rate and contractility

Parasympathetic - decrease in heart rate

31
Q

Autonomic nervous system effect on blood vessels

A

Sympathetic - causes vasoconstriction

Parasympathetic- causes some vasodilation

32
Q

Autonomic nervous system effect on GI tract

A

Sympathetic - little effect

Parasympathetic - stimulates overall activity including GI smooth muscle

33
Q

Artery

A

Muscular thick walled tubes

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

34
Q

Veins

A

Thin walled

Carry deoxygenated blood from periphery towards the heart

35
Q

Heart - 2 pump system

A

Pulmonary and Systemic circuits.

36
Q

Heart - 2 chamber system

A

Atria - primary

Ventricles - push blood around the body

37
Q

Valves

A

Atrial and Ventricle - AV valves
Tricuspid and Mitral.
Aortic and pulmonary valves - semilunar valves
Prevent backflow, open and close passively due to pressure of blood flow

38
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxed muscle phase - allows chambers to fill with blood.

39
Q

Systole

A

Contracting muscle phase - blood pumped from chambers into the arteries.

40
Q

Fibrous skeleton

A 
Ring around the heart framework,
Made of collagen and elastin network
Dense connective tissue
4 rings, 2 trig ones and 1 ligament 
Frame provides point of insertion for heart muscles and separates atria from ventricles.
41
Q

Fibrous skeleton 2

A

Acts as an electrical insulator by preventing radiating electrical impulses from passing through atrial muscles to ventricle before the appropriate time.

42
Q

Functions of fibrous skeleton

A

Anchors and stabilises valances to the interior walls of the heart.
Keeps AV and semilunar valves of the heart in the round shape not allowing them to distend.

43
Q

As heartrate increases

A

Systole - remains the same

Diastole - gets significantly shorter

44
Q

Frank Starling Mechanism

A

the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction, when all other factors remain constant.
The heart pumps all the blood that returns to it.

45
Q

During filling of blood in the heart

A

More heart muscle is stretched = causes actin myosin filaments to be at a more optimal length of overlap for force generation = more blood pumped into the aorta.

46
Q

Blood circulation relies on

A
  • self generated rhythmical impulse
  • initiates the contraction of the heart tissue
  • the atria contracting before the ventricles
  • propagating the electrical signal from atria to ventricles at the right time
  • simultaneous contraction
47
Q

Purkinje System

A

Fibres located in the inner ventricular wall under the endocardium.
Fast conduction - many gap junctions at intercalated discs.

48
Q

Sinus Node

A

Acts as a pacemaker.
Fastest discharge rate.
Normal rate of discharge of SA node: 60-70/min

49
Q

What happens if sinus node is blocked

A

Ventricular escapes - AV takes over or Purkinje system takes over.

BIOL243 Test 1 🫀 (1 decks)

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