Study Flashcards
1
Q
four freedoms defined by the FSF
A
- freedom to use the software for any purpose
- freedom to examine the source code and modify it as you see fit
- freedom to redistribute the software
- freedom to redistribute your modified software
2
Q
/
A
root; all files and subdirectories are in this directory
3
Q
/etc
A
system configuration files
4
Q
/boot
A
boot files such as Linux kernel, initial RAM disk, and often boot loader configuration files
5
Q
/bin
A
program files that are critical for normal operation and that ordinary users may run
6
Q
/sbin
A
holds program files that are critical for normal operation and that ordinary users seldom run
7
Q
/lib
A
holds libraries that are critical for basic system operations
8
Q
/usr
A
holds programs and data used in normal system operation but that are not critical for a bare bones boot of the system
9
Q
/var
A
holds miscellaneous transient files, such as log files and print spool files
10
Q
/tmp
A
holds temporary files, often including temporary files created by user programs
11
Q
/mnt
A
the traditional mount point for removable media; sometimes split into subdirectories for each mounted filesystem
12
Q
/media
A
the new mount point for removable media
13
Q
/dev
A
holds devices files, which provide low level access to hardware
14
Q
/run
A
information about the running system
15
Q
ls -a
A
displays dot (usually configuration) files that would normally be omitted
16
Q
ls –color
A
produces color coded listing that differentiates directories and other special file types by displaying them in different colors
17
Q
ls -d
A
changes the behavior of ls to list only the directory name
18
Q
ls -l
A
produces a long listing that includes information such as file’s permission string, owner, group, size, and creation date
19
Q
ls -F
A
appends an indicator code to the end of each name so that you know what type of file it is
20
Q
ls -R
A
causes ls to display directory contents recursively
21
Q
tool used to view kernel messages
A
dmesg
22
Q
command that shows a list of running programs
A
ps
23
Q
command that shows an interactive live display of processes
A
top
24
Q
command that shows free memory
A
free
25
display Linux system information
uname -a
26
display kernel release information
uname -r
27
command to show which version of Red Hat is installed
cat /etc/redhat-release
28
show how long the system has been running + load
uptime
29
show system host name
host
30
display all local IP addresses of the host
hostname -I
31
show system reboot history
last reboot
32
show this month's calendar
cal
33
display who is online and their running programs
w
34
show who you are logged in as
whoami
35
feature of Linux where the kernel gives CPU time to any process as it sees fit, which could interrupt other processes
preemptive multitasking
36
what is Evolution?
an email reader program commonly used in desktop environments
37
kernel design that incorporates all kernel functions into a single program
monolithic
38
kernel design that splits kernel functions into smaller programs
micro kernel
39
software used by Linux to implement SMB/CIFS (file and printer sharing)
Samba
40
command that moves the cursor to the start of the line in Bash terminal
Ctrl + A
41
how do you run a program in the background?
add a & at the end of the command line, or launch program, press Ctrl + Z, then type "bg" in the shell
42
improved version of more with page backward in text file, search, etc)
less
43
keys to open the terminal in GUI
Ctrl + Alt + F3
44
keyboard shortcut that allows copying highlighted text while working in the command line terminal
Ctrl + Shift + C
45
command used as a virtual or pseudo filesystem used to interface with the kernel and process
/proc
46
what would properly identify the device associated with the second partition on the first hard disk on the first IDE controller of a system?
/dev/hda2
47
What is defined by a Free Software license?
conditions for modifying and distributing the licensed software
48
displays messages in kernel ring buffer
dmesg
49
displays CPU information
cat /proc/cpuinfo
50
displays memory information
cat /proc/meminfo
51
display free and used memory (human readable)
free -h
52
display PCI devices
lspci -tv
53
display USB devices
lsusb -tv
54
display DMI/SMBIOS (hardware info) from the BIOS
dmidecode
55
device name for a physical or virtual terminal connection
tty
56
a suite of client-server software for creating and using file hosting services
OwnCloud
57
searches the short manual page descriptions for keywords and displays any matches
man -k
58
command used to clear the user's history
history -c
59
command used to create a new .tar archive file
tar -c
60
command used to print the last X bytes of a file to the screen
tail -c
61
command used to find the IP address of a particular domain name or the domain name of a particular IP address, DNS lookups
host
62
set on a file or a directory that lets only the owner of the file/directory or the root user delete or rename the file.
sticky bit
63
command that displays processor related statistics
mpstat 1
64
command that displays virtual memory statistics
vmstat 1
65
command that displays I/O statistics
iostat 1
66
command that lists all open files on the system
lsof
67
LibreOffice equivalent of Microsoft PowerPoint
Impress
68
a free and open-source file compression program that uses the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm and Huffman coding. It only compresses single files and is not a file archiver
bzip2
69
command that is used to change the default permission for files and directories at the time of the file's creation
umask
70
output of the who command
includes username, terminal identifier, login date and time. displays list of users currently logged in
71
a pre-integrated self-contained system made by combining a software application with just enough operation system to run optimally on industry standard hardware or a virtual machine
virtual appliance
72
command to rename a file or directory
mv
73
command to see all variables in the user's environment
printenv
74
what symbol at the end of a prompt shows that the user has root privileges?
#
75
tar command that shows .tar file progress during execution
tar -v
76
command to list, test, or extract files from a zip archive
unzip
77
feature of linux where you can represent multiple file names by using wild cards
globbing
78
command to show the shell that is being used
echo $SHELL
79
in which files should you look to diagnose problems with the daemon?
log files
80
command to display the exit code of the last command executed from the shell
echo $?
81
what is GTK+?
a GUI programming library
82
command used to very quickly search a database of file names that is updated every 24 hours
locate
83
2 possible reasons to partition a hard drive
1. install 2 operating systems
2. separating file system data from swap space
84
what type of current power electricity does computer hardware require to operate?
direct current
85
what are two currently popular X software packages in Linux?
X.org
Wayland
86
which type of links do not work across low-level file systems?
hard links
87
tar command to read the archive and display its contents
tar -t or --list
88
command that can extract specified data fields from a file's records
cut
89
what does [^x} do?
finds any single character EXCEPT x
90
linux normally runs one of these two processes first
init or systemd
91
vi command to save and exit vi editor
ZZ
92
three keys/key combinations to start a search and replace in nano
ESC+R, Ctrl+\, F4
93
two keystrokes that invoke search function in nano
F6, Ctrl+W
94
what variable contains the name of the script?
$0
95
output of id command
username, UID, primary group name, primary GID number, group names and GID numbers of all your groups
96
command to change a user password
passwd
97
command to change a file's group
chown
98
true or false: only root can use the chmod command
false
99
true or false: only root can change a file's ownership with chown
true
100
command that provides an interactive text menu for selecting a network interface and setting network parameters
nmtui
101
command that displays features and parameters for network cards
ethtool
102
command that displays a list of open ports and processes associated with those ports
ss
103
what are three programs for compressing individual files?
gzip, bzip2, xz
104
what individual file compression program offers the most compression?
xz
105
what are the three individual file uncompression programs?
gunzip, bunzip2, unxz
106
tar option to create archive
tar -c
107
tar option to append tar files to an archive
tar -A
108
tar option to append non-tar files to an archive
tar -r
109
tar option to append files that are newer than those in an archive
tar -u
110
tar option that compares an archive to files on disk
tar -d
111
tar option that lists and archive's contents
tar -t
112
tar option that extracts files from an archive
tar -x
113
syntax for creating a zip archive
zip newzip.zip file1.txt file2.tif
114
zip option to compress an entire directory tree
zip -r
115
what do zip options -0 through -9 do?
set the amount of control, 9 being the highest and slowest
116
zip option to view contents of an archive without extracting
zip -l
117
what command should you used to locate a command used in a script if the file gets moved and the path in the script breaks?
which
118
program that provides many capabilities of a text edit through commands typed in the command line or run in the script
sed
119
when do you omit the $ in front of the variable name?
when values are being assigned to variables in the script with an =
120
what is the syntax for an if statement that does not use brackets?
if test condition
121
<<
accepts text on following lines as standard input
122
<>
both standard input and standard output
123
&>
create new file with both standard output and standard error
124
2>>
append standard error to existing file
125
>>
append standard output to existing file
126
.*
matches with any substring
127
?
optional match; can be zero or one match
128
| (used in regular expression)
separates two possible matches
129
output of wc
number of lines, words, and bytes in a text file
130
command to extract text from files in a file record; often to extract variable info from a highly patterned file
cut
131
keystrokes to save a modified file in nano
Ctrl+O or Ctrl+X
132
keystrokes to insert a file in nano
Ctrl + R or F5
133
keystrokes to search for a string in nano
Crtl+W or F6
134
keystrokes to replace a string in nano
Ctrl+\ or M-R
135
what are the three vi modes?
command, ex, insert
136
key to enter insert mode in vi
I
137
key to enter ex mode in vi
:
138
command to save changes without exiting vi
:w
139
command to save and quit vi
:wq
140
command that saves modifications in command mode in vi
ZZ
141
command to view a process listing as a snapshot, generally sorted by PID
ps
142
command used for DNS lookup; finds IP address of a particular domain name or domain name of an IP address
host
143
shows info about a directory or symbolic link
ls -d
144
what echo command is used to not output a trailing new line?
echo -n
145
what command prints the last 10 lines and continues to print more as data is added?
tail -f
146
what command is used to remove a directory that contains files/subdirectories?
rm -r (rmdir is only for empty directories)
147
file descriptor number of standard input
0
148
where are temporary files to be safely deleted on reboot stored?
/tmp
149
what are the three ways DHCP can be used to assign IP addresses?
Automatic, Dynamic, Manual
150
what can you add to add the date to a prompt in the shell?
/d
