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Linux Essentials > Study > Flashcards

Study Flashcards

1
Q

four freedoms defined by the FSF

A
  • freedom to use the software for any purpose
  • freedom to examine the source code and modify it as you see fit
  • freedom to redistribute the software
  • freedom to redistribute your modified software
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2
Q

/

A

root; all files and subdirectories are in this directory

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3
Q

/etc

A

system configuration files

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4
Q

/boot

A

boot files such as Linux kernel, initial RAM disk, and often boot loader configuration files

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5
Q

/bin

A

program files that are critical for normal operation and that ordinary users may run

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6
Q

/sbin

A

holds program files that are critical for normal operation and that ordinary users seldom run

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7
Q

/lib

A

holds libraries that are critical for basic system operations

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8
Q

/usr

A

holds programs and data used in normal system operation but that are not critical for a bare bones boot of the system

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9
Q

/var

A

holds miscellaneous transient files, such as log files and print spool files

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10
Q

/tmp

A

holds temporary files, often including temporary files created by user programs

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11
Q

/mnt

A

the traditional mount point for removable media; sometimes split into subdirectories for each mounted filesystem

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12
Q

/media

A

the new mount point for removable media

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13
Q

/dev

A

holds devices files, which provide low level access to hardware

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14
Q

/run

A

information about the running system

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15
Q

ls -a

A

displays dot (usually configuration) files that would normally be omitted

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16
Q

ls –color

A

produces color coded listing that differentiates directories and other special file types by displaying them in different colors

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17
Q

ls -d

A

changes the behavior of ls to list only the directory name

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18
Q

ls -l

A

produces a long listing that includes information such as file’s permission string, owner, group, size, and creation date

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19
Q

ls -F

A

appends an indicator code to the end of each name so that you know what type of file it is

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20
Q

ls -R

A

causes ls to display directory contents recursively

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21
Q

tool used to view kernel messages

A

dmesg

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22
Q

command that shows a list of running programs

A

ps

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23
Q

command that shows an interactive live display of processes

A

top

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24
Q

command that shows free memory

A

free

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25
Q

display Linux system information

A

uname -a

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26
Q

display kernel release information

A

uname -r

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27
Q

command to show which version of Red Hat is installed

A

cat /etc/redhat-release

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28
Q

show how long the system has been running + load

A

uptime

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29
Q

show system host name

A

host

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30
Q

display all local IP addresses of the host

A

hostname -I

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31
Q

show system reboot history

A

last reboot

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32
Q

show this month’s calendar

A

cal

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33
Q

display who is online and their running programs

A

w

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34
Q

show who you are logged in as

A

whoami

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35
Q

feature of Linux where the kernel gives CPU time to any process as it sees fit, which could interrupt other processes

A

preemptive multitasking

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36
Q

what is Evolution?

A

an email reader program commonly used in desktop environments

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37
Q

kernel design that incorporates all kernel functions into a single program

A

monolithic

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38
Q

kernel design that splits kernel functions into smaller programs

A

micro kernel

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39
Q

software used by Linux to implement SMB/CIFS (file and printer sharing)

A

Samba

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40
Q

command that moves the cursor to the start of the line in Bash terminal

A

Ctrl + A

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41
Q

how do you run a program in the background?

A

add a & at the end of the command line, or launch program, press Ctrl + Z, then type “bg” in the shell

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42
Q

improved version of more with page backward in text file, search, etc)

A

less

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43
Q

keys to open the terminal in GUI

A

Ctrl + Alt + F3

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44
Q

keyboard shortcut that allows copying highlighted text while working in the command line terminal

A

Ctrl + Shift + C

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45
Q

command used as a virtual or pseudo filesystem used to interface with the kernel and process

A

/proc

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46
Q

what would properly identify the device associated with the second partition on the first hard disk on the first IDE controller of a system?

A

/dev/hda2

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47
Q

What is defined by a Free Software license?

A

conditions for modifying and distributing the licensed software

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48
Q

displays messages in kernel ring buffer

A

dmesg

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49
Q

displays CPU information

A

cat /proc/cpuinfo

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50
Q

displays memory information

A

cat /proc/meminfo

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51
Q

display free and used memory (human readable)

A

free -h

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52
Q

display PCI devices

A

lspci -tv

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53
Q

display USB devices

A

lsusb -tv

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54
Q

display DMI/SMBIOS (hardware info) from the BIOS

A

dmidecode

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55
Q

device name for a physical or virtual terminal connection

A

tty

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56
Q

a suite of client-server software for creating and using file hosting services

A

OwnCloud

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57
Q

searches the short manual page descriptions for keywords and displays any matches

A

man -k

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58
Q

command used to clear the user’s history

A

history -c

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59
Q

command used to create a new .tar archive file

A

tar -c

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60
Q

command used to print the last X bytes of a file to the screen

A

tail -c

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61
Q

command used to find the IP address of a particular domain name or the domain name of a particular IP address, DNS lookups

A

host

62
Q

set on a file or a directory that lets only the owner of the file/directory or the root user delete or rename the file.

A

sticky bit

63
Q

command that displays processor related statistics

A

mpstat 1

64
Q

command that displays virtual memory statistics

A

vmstat 1

65
Q

command that displays I/O statistics

A

iostat 1

66
Q

command that lists all open files on the system

A

lsof

67
Q

LibreOffice equivalent of Microsoft PowerPoint

A

Impress

68
Q

a free and open-source file compression program that uses the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm and Huffman coding. It only compresses single files and is not a file archiver

A

bzip2

69
Q

command that is used to change the default permission for files and directories at the time of the file’s creation

A

umask

70
Q

output of the who command

A

includes username, terminal identifier, login date and time. displays list of users currently logged in

71
Q

a pre-integrated self-contained system made by combining a software application with just enough operation system to run optimally on industry standard hardware or a virtual machine

A

virtual appliance

72
Q

command to rename a file or directory

A

mv

73
Q

command to see all variables in the user’s environment

A

printenv

74
Q

what symbol at the end of a prompt shows that the user has root privileges?

A

#

75
Q

tar command that shows .tar file progress during execution

A

tar -v

76
Q

command to list, test, or extract files from a zip archive

A

unzip

77
Q

feature of linux where you can represent multiple file names by using wild cards

A

globbing

78
Q

command to show the shell that is being used

A

echo $SHELL

79
Q

in which files should you look to diagnose problems with the daemon?

A

log files

80
Q

command to display the exit code of the last command executed from the shell

A

echo $?

81
Q

what is GTK+?

A

a GUI programming library

82
Q

command used to very quickly search a database of file names that is updated every 24 hours

A

locate

83
Q

2 possible reasons to partition a hard drive

A
  1. install 2 operating systems
  2. separating file system data from swap space
84
Q

what type of current power electricity does computer hardware require to operate?

A

direct current

85
Q

what are two currently popular X software packages in Linux?

A

X.org
Wayland

86
Q

which type of links do not work across low-level file systems?

A

hard links

87
Q

tar command to read the archive and display its contents

A

tar -t or –list

88
Q

command that can extract specified data fields from a file’s records

A

cut

89
Q

what does [^x} do?

A

finds any single character EXCEPT x

90
Q

linux normally runs one of these two processes first

A

init or systemd

91
Q

vi command to save and exit vi editor

A

ZZ

92
Q

three keys/key combinations to start a search and replace in nano

A

ESC+R, Ctrl+\, F4

93
Q

two keystrokes that invoke search function in nano

A

F6, Ctrl+W

94
Q

what variable contains the name of the script?

A

$0

95
Q

output of id command

A

username, UID, primary group name, primary GID number, group names and GID numbers of all your groups

96
Q

command to change a user password

A

passwd

97
Q

command to change a file’s group

A

chown

98
Q

true or false: only root can use the chmod command

A

false

99
Q

true or false: only root can change a file’s ownership with chown

A

true

100
Q

command that provides an interactive text menu for selecting a network interface and setting network parameters

A

nmtui

101
Q

command that displays features and parameters for network cards

A

ethtool

102
Q

command that displays a list of open ports and processes associated with those ports

A

ss

103
Q

what are three programs for compressing individual files?

A

gzip, bzip2, xz

104
Q

what individual file compression program offers the most compression?

A

xz

105
Q

what are the three individual file uncompression programs?

A

gunzip, bunzip2, unxz

106
Q

tar option to create archive

A

tar -c

107
Q

tar option to append tar files to an archive

A

tar -A

108
Q

tar option to append non-tar files to an archive

A

tar -r

109
Q

tar option to append files that are newer than those in an archive

A

tar -u

110
Q

tar option that compares an archive to files on disk

A

tar -d

111
Q

tar option that lists and archive’s contents

A

tar -t

112
Q

tar option that extracts files from an archive

A

tar -x

113
Q

syntax for creating a zip archive

A

zip newzip.zip file1.txt file2.tif

114
Q

zip option to compress an entire directory tree

A

zip -r

115
Q

what do zip options -0 through -9 do?

A

set the amount of control, 9 being the highest and slowest

116
Q

zip option to view contents of an archive without extracting

A

zip -l

117
Q

what command should you used to locate a command used in a script if the file gets moved and the path in the script breaks?

A

which

118
Q

program that provides many capabilities of a text edit through commands typed in the command line or run in the script

A

sed

119
Q

when do you omit the $ in front of the variable name?

A

when values are being assigned to variables in the script with an =

120
Q

what is the syntax for an if statement that does not use brackets?

A

if test condition

121
Q

«

A

accepts text on following lines as standard input

122
Q

<>

A

both standard input and standard output

123
Q

&>

A

create new file with both standard output and standard error

124
Q

2»

A

append standard error to existing file

125
Q

> >

A

append standard output to existing file

126
Q

.*

A

matches with any substring

127
Q

?

A

optional match; can be zero or one match

128
Q

(used in regular expression)

A

separates two possible matches

129
Q

output of wc

A

number of lines, words, and bytes in a text file

130
Q

command to extract text from files in a file record; often to extract variable info from a highly patterned file

A

cut

131
Q

keystrokes to save a modified file in nano

A

Ctrl+O or Ctrl+X

132
Q

keystrokes to insert a file in nano

A

Ctrl + R or F5

133
Q

keystrokes to search for a string in nano

A

Crtl+W or F6

134
Q

keystrokes to replace a string in nano

A

Ctrl+\ or M-R

135
Q

what are the three vi modes?

A

command, ex, insert

136
Q

key to enter insert mode in vi

A

I

137
Q

key to enter ex mode in vi

A

:

138
Q

command to save changes without exiting vi

A

:w

139
Q

command to save and quit vi

A

:wq

140
Q

command that saves modifications in command mode in vi

A

ZZ

141
Q

command to view a process listing as a snapshot, generally sorted by PID

A

ps

142
Q

command used for DNS lookup; finds IP address of a particular domain name or domain name of an IP address

A

host

143
Q

shows info about a directory or symbolic link

A

ls -d

144
Q

what echo command is used to not output a trailing new line?

A

echo -n

145
Q

what command prints the last 10 lines and continues to print more as data is added?

A

tail -f

146
Q

what command is used to remove a directory that contains files/subdirectories?

A

rm -r (rmdir is only for empty directories)

147
Q

file descriptor number of standard input

A

0

148
Q

where are temporary files to be safely deleted on reboot stored?

A

/tmp

149
Q

what are the three ways DHCP can be used to assign IP addresses?

A

Automatic, Dynamic, Manual

150
Q

what can you add to add the date to a prompt in the shell?

A

/d

Linux Essentials (1 decks)

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