study

Question 1

a mindset that if your speech falls short of “perfection” (an unrealistic standard), then you are a failure as a public speaker

Answer 1

“all or nothing” thinking

Question 2

believing that a single event (such as failing at a task) is a universal or “always” event

Answer 2

overgeneralization

Question 3

the tendency to anticipate that things will turn out badly, no matter how much practice or rehearsal is done.

Answer 3

fortune telling

Question 4

is adequate sleep and rest Secondly, you would be better off to eat something that is protein-based rather than processed sugar-based before speaking. A third suggestion is to wear clothes that you know you look good in and are comfortable but also meet the context’s requirements utilize some stretching or relaxation techniques that will loosen your limbs or throat.

Answer 4

Physical Preparation

Question 5

putting your focus where it belongs, on the audience and the message.

Answer 5

Mental Preparation

Question 6

is to be on time, even early you can make sure equipment is working, and can converse with the audience as they enter. Professional speakers often do this to relax themselves, build credibility, and gain knowledge to adapt their presentations to the audience

Answer 6

Contextual Preparation

Question 7

Speech Preparation

Answer 7

You do not want the first time that you say the words to be when you are in front of your audience. Practicing is the only way that you will feel confident, fluent, and in control of the words you speak

Question 8

an organized, face-to-face, prepared, intentional (purposeful) attempt to inform, entertain, or persuade a group of people (usually five or more) through words, physical delivery, and (at times) visual or audio aids.

Answer 8

public speaking

Question 9

a severe fear of public speaking

Answer 9

glossophobia

Question 10

examining and looking at your audience first by its demographic characteristics and then by their internal psychological traits

Answer 10

Audience analysis

Question 11

a mixture of different types of people and demographic characteristics within a group of people

Answer 11

heterogeneous

Question 12

taking one characteristic of a group or person and making that the “totality” or sum total of what that person or group is

Answer 12

totalizing

Question 13

generalizing about a group of people and assuming that because a few persons in that group have a characteristic, all of them do

Answer 13

stereotyping

Question 14

characteristics the outward characteristics of the audience

Answer 14

demographic

Question 15

a group of people that are very similar in many characteristics

Answer 15

homogenous

Question 16

A speaker’s credibility at the beginning of or even before the speech

Answer 16

Initial credibility

Question 17

a speaker’s credibility and trustworthiness (as judged by the audience members) throughout the process of the speech, which also can range from point to point in the speech

Answer 17

Derived credibility

Question 18

a speaker’s credibility at the end of the speech

Answer 18

terminal credibility

Question 19

an infinitive phrase that builds upon the speaker’s general purpose to clearly indicate precisely what the goal of a given speech is

Answer 19

specific purpose statement

Question 20

a statement that contains or summarizes a speech’s main points

Answer 20

central idea statement

Question 21

the broad, overall goal of a speech; to inform, to persuade, to entertain, etc.

Answer 21

General purpose

Question 22

Whats the structure of this Specific Purpose: To inform my audience the 5 easy steps to creating a perfect sandwich. I. The first step is to gather all the ingredients II. The second step is to spread peanut butter on one side of the bread. III. The third step is to squeeze the honey on one side of the other piece of bread. IV. The fourth step is gently put the peanut butter and honey sides together. V. Cut the sandwich in half horizontally.

Answer 22

Chronological

Question 23

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to stop wearing flip flops. I. Number of emergency visits each year from foot injuries. II. Types of injuries from flip flops III. Outlaw flip flops so the world will be safer IV. Write your government leaders to pass a law.

Answer 23

problem/solution

Question 24

Skip

Answer 24

Siip

Question 25

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that school uniforms are beneficial to students. I. Students are bullied because of the brand of clothing they have. II. Students want to fit in at school. III. Uniforms unite the students and school. IV. Families have more money because uniforms are inexpensive.

Answer 25

Topic

Question 26

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that a shorter school day is beneficial to student’s well being. I. School day is more than 7 hours each day. II. Students are very busy with extracurricular activities, work, and socializing. III. Homework takes many hours each day. IV. Students don’t get enough sleep. V. A shorter school day allows students to sleep more.

Answer 26

Cause/Effect

Question 27

an organizational pattern for speeches in which the main points are arranged in time order

Answer 27

chronological pattern

Question 28

an organizational pattern for speeches in which the main points are arranged according to movement in space or direction

Answer 28

spatial pattern

Question 29

arranges information according to different sub-topics within a larger topic, or the “types” of things that fall within a larger category

Answer 29

topical organizational pattern

Question 30

used to show the different causes and effects of various conditions.

Answer 30

Problem cause solution pattern

Question 31

the repetition of grammatical structures that correspond in sound, meter, and meaning

Answer 31

parallelism

Question 32

a story of something that could happen but has not happened yet

Answer 32

hypothetical narratives

Question 33

to set limits on what a word or term means, how the audience should think about it, and/or how you will use it

Answer 33

define

Question 34

a definition with clearly defined parameters for how the word or term is being used in the context of a speech

Answer 34

stipulated definition

Question 35

issues related to the movement of the body or physical activity

Answer 35

kinesthetic

Question 36

feelings or issues related to the inner workings of the body

Answer 36

organic

Question 37

any quotation from a friend, family member, or classmate about an incident or topic

Answer 37

peer testimony

Question 38

the presentation of a short message without advance preparation

Answer 38

impromptu speaking

Question 39

the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes

Answer 39

extemporaneous speaking

Question 40

Speeches with this type of proposition attempt to establish the truth of a statement.

Answer 40

proposition of fact

Question 41

that a word, phrase, or concept has a particular meaning.

Answer 41

propositions of definition

Question 42

When the proposition has a word such as “good,” “bad,” “best,” “worst,” “just,” “unjust,” “ethical,” “unethical,” “moral,” “immoral,” “beneficial,” “harmful,” “advantageous,” or “disadvantageous,” it is a proposition of

Answer 42

proposition of value.

Question 43

These propositions are easy to identify because they almost always have the word “should” in them. These propositions call for a change in policy or practice (including those in a government, community, or school), or they can call for the audience to adopt a certain behavior

Answer 43

propositions of policy

Question 44

is a form of inductive reasoning that draws conclusions based on recurring patterns or repeated observations.

Answer 44

Generalization

Question 45

seeks to make cause-effect connections.

Answer 45

casual reasoning

Question 46

then, is a form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about phenomena based on events that precede or co-exist with, but not cause, a subsequent event.

Answer 46

Sign reasoning,

Question 47

inductive or bottom-up reasoning comes in four varieties, each capable of being used correctly or incorrectly. Remember that inductive reasoning is disproven by counter evidence and its conclusions are always up to revision by new evidence–what is called “tentative,” because the conclusions might have to be revised. Also, the conclusions of inductive reasoning should be precisely stated to reflect the evidence.

Answer 47

analogical reasoning