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a mindset that if your speech falls short of “perfection” (an unrealistic standard), then you are a failure as a public speaker
“all or nothing” thinking
believing that a single event (such as failing at a task) is a universal or “always” event
overgeneralization
the tendency to anticipate that things will turn out badly, no matter how much practice or rehearsal is done.
fortune telling
is adequate sleep and rest Secondly, you would be better off to eat something that is protein-based rather than processed sugar-based before speaking. A third suggestion is to wear clothes that you know you look good in and are comfortable but also meet the context’s requirements utilize some stretching or relaxation techniques that will loosen your limbs or throat.
Physical Preparation
putting your focus where it belongs, on the audience and the message.
Mental Preparation
is to be on time, even early you can make sure equipment is working, and can converse with the audience as they enter. Professional speakers often do this to relax themselves, build credibility, and gain knowledge to adapt their presentations to the audience
Contextual Preparation
Speech Preparation
You do not want the first time that you say the words to be when you are in front of your audience. Practicing is the only way that you will feel confident, fluent, and in control of the words you speak
an organized, face-to-face, prepared, intentional (purposeful) attempt to inform, entertain, or persuade a group of people (usually five or more) through words, physical delivery, and (at times) visual or audio aids.
public speaking
a severe fear of public speaking
glossophobia
examining and looking at your audience first by its demographic characteristics and then by their internal psychological traits
Audience analysis
a mixture of different types of people and demographic characteristics within a group of people
heterogeneous
taking one characteristic of a group or person and making that the “totality” or sum total of what that person or group is
totalizing
generalizing about a group of people and assuming that because a few persons in that group have a characteristic, all of them do
stereotyping
characteristics the outward characteristics of the audience
demographic
a group of people that are very similar in many characteristics
homogenous
A speaker’s credibility at the beginning of or even before the speech
Initial credibility
a speaker’s credibility and trustworthiness (as judged by the audience members) throughout the process of the speech, which also can range from point to point in the speech
Derived credibility
a speaker’s credibility at the end of the speech
terminal credibility
an infinitive phrase that builds upon the speaker’s general purpose to clearly indicate precisely what the goal of a given speech is
specific purpose statement
a statement that contains or summarizes a speech’s main points
central idea statement
the broad, overall goal of a speech; to inform, to persuade, to entertain, etc.
General purpose
Whats the structure of this Specific Purpose: To inform my audience the 5 easy steps to creating a perfect sandwich. I. The first step is to gather all the ingredients II. The second step is to spread peanut butter on one side of the bread. III. The third step is to squeeze the honey on one side of the other piece of bread. IV. The fourth step is gently put the peanut butter and honey sides together. V. Cut the sandwich in half horizontally.
Chronological
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to stop wearing flip flops. I. Number of emergency visits each year from foot injuries. II. Types of injuries from flip flops III. Outlaw flip flops so the world will be safer IV. Write your government leaders to pass a law.
problem/solution
Skip
Siip
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that school uniforms are beneficial to students. I. Students are bullied because of the brand of clothing they have. II. Students want to fit in at school. III. Uniforms unite the students and school. IV. Families have more money because uniforms are inexpensive.
Topic
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that a shorter school day is beneficial to student’s well being. I. School day is more than 7 hours each day. II. Students are very busy with extracurricular activities, work, and socializing. III. Homework takes many hours each day. IV. Students don’t get enough sleep. V. A shorter school day allows students to sleep more.
Cause/Effect
an organizational pattern for speeches in which the main points are arranged in time order
chronological pattern
an organizational pattern for speeches in which the main points are arranged according to movement in space or direction
spatial pattern
arranges information according to different sub-topics within a larger topic, or the “types” of things that fall within a larger category
topical organizational pattern
used to show the different causes and effects of various conditions.
Problem cause solution pattern
the repetition of grammatical structures that correspond in sound, meter, and meaning
parallelism
a story of something that could happen but has not happened yet
hypothetical narratives
to set limits on what a word or term means, how the audience should think about it, and/or how you will use it
define
a definition with clearly defined parameters for how the word or term is being used in the context of a speech
stipulated definition
issues related to the movement of the body or physical activity
kinesthetic
feelings or issues related to the inner workings of the body
organic
any quotation from a friend, family member, or classmate about an incident or topic
peer testimony
the presentation of a short message without advance preparation
impromptu speaking
the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes
extemporaneous speaking
Speeches with this type of proposition attempt to establish the truth of a statement.
proposition of fact
that a word, phrase, or concept has a particular meaning.
propositions of definition
When the proposition has a word such as “good,” “bad,” “best,” “worst,” “just,” “unjust,” “ethical,” “unethical,” “moral,” “immoral,” “beneficial,” “harmful,” “advantageous,” or “disadvantageous,” it is a proposition of
proposition of value.
These propositions are easy to identify because they almost always have the word “should” in them. These propositions call for a change in policy or practice (including those in a government, community, or school), or they can call for the audience to adopt a certain behavior
propositions of policy
is a form of inductive reasoning that draws conclusions based on recurring patterns or repeated observations.
Generalization
seeks to make cause-effect connections.
casual reasoning
then, is a form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about phenomena based on events that precede or co-exist with, but not cause, a subsequent event.
Sign reasoning,
inductive or bottom-up reasoning comes in four varieties, each capable of being used correctly or incorrectly. Remember that inductive reasoning is disproven by counter evidence and its conclusions are always up to revision by new evidence–what is called “tentative,” because the conclusions might have to be revised. Also, the conclusions of inductive reasoning should be precisely stated to reflect the evidence.
analogical reasoning
