Study Flashcards
Two cities that dominated Ancient Greece
Sparta and Athens
Greek city state that was a leader in philosophy, and arts.
Athens
City state devoted to agriculture and the military. Located inland.
Sparta
Spartan military regimen mandatory for all boys.
The agoge.
The Golden Age of Greece occurred during the
5th century be
The Hellenistic Age was during the
4th Century BC
Lived in a concentrated area along the lower parts of the Nile River around 3000 BC.
The Egyptians
Egyptians prospered near the Nile because of ______and _______
Flooding predictions and irrigation
Egyptians developed
Writing
Egyptians farmed ______ from the valley and surrounding desert.
Minerals
Egyptians developed a ________ for defense.
Military
Egyptians formulated an effective system of_________
Medicine
Egyptians organized _______with one of their achievements being their _________
Collective construction, pyramids
Pyramids were built as ________
Tombs for the Pharoahs
Peasants worked on the pyramids in exchange for______and_______
Food and water
Shape of the pyramids symbolized________
The slanting rays of the sun, while the sloping sides were meant to help the souls of the pharaohs ascend.
The Holy Roman Empire existed from_______to ________
982 to1806
The Holy Roman Empire was founded by _______ who had reunited most of the land formerly belonging to _________ .
Otto the Great, Charlemagne.
Otto was crowned by the Pope in_______
962
The lands under Otto the Great became known as_________.
The Holy Roman Empire
The succession of the crown of the Holy Roman Empire remained unbroken for _________
8 centuries
Otto involved the _________ but limited it’s power.
The church
The buying and selling of important positions.
Simony
In the Holy Roman Empire,the ___________ gradually came to grow more power, that eventually led to it controlling people’s everyday lives.
The church
One of Ottos legacies was the rivalry between ________
Church and State
Christopher Columbus was born in
Genoa Italy
Christopher Columbus was a ________ .
Trader
After years of searching, Columbus found financial backing from ________ and ________ in _________.
King Ferdinand, and Queen Isabella of Spain in 1492.
Columbus was trying to find___________
A trade route to Asia by heading West,
Columbus landed near _______but thought he had reached ________
South America/The Indies.
Columbus made ___ voyages to what he thought were ________
4, West Indies
Columbus 3 ships
Niña, Pinta, Santa Maria
Man after whom America is named
Amerigo Vespucci
The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the _______ on________
Continental Congress, July 4 1776
The Declaration of Independence said King George III_________
Violated the rights of American Colonists
The Declaration of Independence announced that the 13 colonies considered themselves as_______ and no longer part of ________
Independent States, The British Empire
The Declaration of Independence said that the new states were forming a new Union called_________
The United States.
________ pushed for Independence.
John Adams
The 13 colonies elected unanimously on_________ pushed for independence.
July 2,1776
John Adams convinced______ to write the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Jefferson
Jefferson was influenced by_________as evidenced in his ideas about natural right.
John Locke
Jefferson felt the purpose of government was to protect ___________
The rights of the people.
The Declaration of Independence was ratified by the _________ on __________
Continental Congress/ July 4 1776
The purchase of the Louisiana Territory in_______ more than _____ the size of the US.
1803, doubled
________ wanted this territory mapped, because it was considered _________
Thomas Jefferson, wilderness
Lewis and Clark’s travelled from______ to_______
May 1804/ September 1806
Lewis and Clarke were looking for _______
A water route connecting the Missouri River with the Pacific Ocean
The Lewis and Clarke expedition drew a variety of ______ and recorded their encounters in _______
Maps/ journals
Lewis and Clarke noted ______ native tribes and _______ new plant and animal species.
70, 200
The first continental Congress met in ________ on _______ with representatives from _________ of the 13 colonies.
Philadelphia on September 5 1774, 12
Georgia did not send representatives due to needing British help with ______________
Native Americans
The Goals of the First Continental Congress was to achieve a __________ with Britain.
Peaceful agreement
The First Continental Congress demanded that the ____________ be repealed.
Intolerable Acts
Colonial assemblies gathered ____ and formed ______
Weapons and formed militias
On________ the British military was ordered to end a meeting of the Massachusetts Assembly.
April 19,1775
The second continental Congress met in ________ on ____________.
Philadelphia, May 10 1775
The 2nd Continental Congress focused on the ________ of the American Colonies and the formation of _________.
Defense, Local Government
During the 2nd Continental Congress, delegates discussed declaring _____________ from Britain.
Independence
The 2nd Continental Congress established the ________ and named________ as commander in chief.
Continental Army, George Washington
In ____ Missouri asked to enter the union as a ________
1821, slave state
Missouri coming in as a slave state would have made the number of slave states _____ while there were ________ free states.
12/ 11
James Tallmadge proposed _________ in Missouri.
Abolishing slavery
The Missouri Compromise said Missouri would enter as a _______ but that __________ would separate from Massachusetts and become a _________.
Slave state, Maine, free state
The Missouri Compromise left larger areas to________
free lands
The Northern Side of the Civil War had ______ states with ______ people.
22 states, 22 million people.
During the Civil War. The North contained most of the United States industrial materials like______, ________,and ________, as well as ________ of industry.
Iron, coal, and copper. 92%
The union had twice as many _______ as the confederacy.
Railroad tracks
The union had an advantage in the number of _______ over the confederacy.
Troops
Most Northern Tropps had volunteered or been conscripted by ________
1863
Former confederate states were forced to comply with the 15th Ammendment based on the___________
military reconstruction act.
__________ activists opposed the 15th ammendment because it granted the right to vote to _______ only.
Women’s rights, men.
The Legislative branch is the ______ and _______
House of Representatives and Senate
The Executive Branch is
the President
The Judiciary Branch is
The Supreme Court
The Branch that makes the Law
Legislative.
Branch that enforces law.
Executive
Branch that evaluates law
Judiciary
________ are elevated but they are flat on top.
Plateaus.
Karl Marx said history was nothing more than a
History of class struggles
Marx said that problems were created in situations where the material a worker _______ is worth more than the ________ he receives for his works.
Produces, compensation
Marx said that a _______ was inevitable, and that it would end with a _________
Revolution of the working class, classlesssociety
The 13th ammendment was passed during
Reconstruction
The ——— freed all the slaves and made slavery illegal, and gave no ,monetary compensation to —————
13th Amendment, slave holders
The ________ says all people born or naturalized (except Native American) were citizens regardless of race.
14 th amendment
The ———- gave the right to vote to Black men.
15 th amendment
Nazis were convicted during the ———— trials.
Nuremberg
Karl !Alex lived between
1818-1883
The political theories inspired by Marx.
Socialism and communism
Israel was formed in
1948
The destruction of the Jewish community led to later generations in Europe being ———- than their ancestors.
More secular
———— legislation was created in response to the Holocaust, but was not strong enough to stop other instances of genocide.
Anti genocide
You could _____ to avoid serving in the Union army or a ______ could be sent in your place.
Pay a fee, substitution
The North had between ____to _____ times as many troops as the south during the civil war
2 to 3
The CSA was comprised of ———- states with _______ people.
11 states, 9 million
When the Civil War began the CSA had no organized ______ and ______.
Army and navy
The Emancipation Proclamation was issued on ————
January 1 1863.
Period that began with earliest examples of primitive tools.
Paleolithic age
The Paleolithic Age ended when people learned how to_______
Farm.
Paleolithic people subsisted as __________
Hunter gatherers
Paleolithic people developed language and created tools out of ______ _______ and __________.
Bone, wood, and stone.
New Stone Age
Neolithic
During the Neolithic Age people discovered ________ ______________ __________________ ______________ ___________ ____________ ___________
Farming, domesticated animals, established villages, polished stone tools, made pottery, wove cloth.
Metal usage began in the __________ period
Neolithic
Civilization began near _______ and ______
Mesopotamia and Egypt
Land between rivers
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is in between the ____ and _____ rivers in modern day Iraq.
Tigris and Euphrates
The first people to develop a civilization in Mesopotamia
The Sumerians
Nail shaped in Latin, this writing style was used by the Sumerians
Cuneiform
Man who created the worlds first empire.
Sargon the Great ( of Akkad)
Work of Mesopotamian literature.
The epic of Gilgamesh
Mesopotamian cities centered around their _____
gods
Mesopotamian __________ saw themselves as representatives of their gods on earth,
Kings
The __________ (discovered in 1901-1902) is the principle collection of Mesopotamian laws, and declare Devine authority
Code of Hammurabi
Mesopotamian mathematical advances included _________ and __________
Multiplication and Division
The Nile served as a good _____________ between southern and northern Egypt.
Transportation route
The _______ ________ and _______ were natural barriers that protected Egypt.
Mountains, desserts, cataracts and the Nile
Lower Egypt
Northern Egypt
Upper Egypt
Southern Egypt
In 2900 BC _________ took over lower Egypt and the Nile delta.
Namer
The pyramids required
Central planning
Egyptians believed the pharaoh to be
Man and god, and an embodiment of Horus.
Old Kingdom period
2686-2181 BC
During the ___________ the pharaoh was an absolute ruler who controlled irrigation, maintained justice, and expressed the will of heaven. It ended when _________ sought power by undermining the throne and throwing the country into civil war.
Old Kingdom. Nobles.
Middle Kingdom period
2040-1786 BC
During the ________ ,strong kings reunited the kingdom and reasserted pharaonic rule.
Middle Kingdom
During the Middle Kingdom, Pharaohs extended Egyptian control south over the land of ———- which was a source of gold, and carried trade out with ______ ________ and _____________
Nubia,Palestine, Syria, Crete
During the Middle Kingdom central authority broke down around the year _______
1800 BC
During the fall of the Middle Kingdom _______ broke away and Egypt was invaded and occupied by the ________
Nubia, the Hyksos
The New Kingdom period. During which Egypt built her empire.
1570-1085 BC
Egyptians valued ___ over change.
Changelessness
________ permeated Egyptian society, ranging from Medicine, art, astronomy, and literature
Religion
The _______ served as an intimidatory between gods and men.
Pharaoh
Egyptians used _____. A series of pictures of animals and things meant to say words or sounds.
Hieroglyphics
________ was the basis of Egyptian civilization
Divine kingship
Ma’at
Egyptian belief that pharaohs were to rule with justice, law, right, and truth.
Egypt’s ______ helped them to determine when the Nile would overflow and was more accurate than the Babylonian lunar calendar.
Solar calendar
Geometry was created by the _______
Egyptians
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) sought to make Egyptian society_______
Monotheistic, worshiping the god Aton.
When Egypt was attacked by the Sea People’s and the Libyans it _______
Abandoned its empire.
The Hittite empire originated in _______ and reaches its height during the ________
Anatolia. The 1300s
First people to develop a substantial iron industry.
The Hittites
Phoenicians settled in the Mediterranean coastal cities of ______ _______ _______ and _______
Tyre, Byblos, Berytus(Beirut), and Sidon
_________ we’re the great sea traders of the ancient world.
The Phoenicians
The _________ created the first alphabet. The ________ added vowels to it.
Phoenicians. Greeks
The ______ arose in the 9th century BC, and stormed through Palestine, Mesopotamia, Syria, Babylonia, and Egypt during the 8th - 7th centuries BC.
Assyrian Empire
The Assyrian king _______ created a great library that housed many ancient works on clay tablets.
Ashurbanipal
Under ______ the Persian Empire took all lands from the Nile River to the Indus River during a conquest that took 25 years.
Cyrus the Great
________ was the uniform language of the Persian empire, and used letters from the _________ alphabet.
Aramaic, Phoenician
_________ was the national religion of the Persian Empire.
Zoroastrianism
________ allowed the Jews to rebuild their temple in ______.
Cyrus the Great. 538 BC
Hebrews viewed God as _________ . He was above nature not a part of it. They also viewed Him as being_______ ; He ruled all and was subject to nothing.
Transcendent, Fully Sovereign
To the Hebrews, Gods existence was a matter of _____ not rational thought.
Religious conviction
Two civilizations preceding Hellenic Greece.
Minoan and Mycenaean
Minoan civilization lasted from
2600-1250 BC
Minoan civilization was located on the Island of ________
Crete
Mycenaean civilization was located on _______
The Peloponnesus (southern Greece)
Mycenaean civilization consisted of ___________
Several city states.
The Greek Dark Ages
1100-800 BC
Polis
City state
To the Greeks the _______ was their only avenue to the good life, that expressed the will of the people, not the desires of gods, kings or priests.
City state
City states had began as
A religious institution that sought an alliance with a deity.
Spartans trained from birth for war due to _______
The fear of a slave revolt.
Spartas military might was in their _______ while Athens had theirs in their _______
Army. Navy.
Rule by a king
Monarchy
Rule by landed aristocrats
Oligarchy
Rule by one man who seized power
Tyranny
Rule by the people
Democracy
4 stages of Greek city states.
Monarchy. Oligarchy. Tyranny. Democracy.
Aristocracy
Rule of the best
_________ sought to reform and to remove corruption from Athenian politics and to help Athenians to strive to do what was good for the state.
Solon the reformer
__________ came into power during a period of instability. He widened the access to the water supply, he gave confiscated property of exiled nobles to the poor, and put policies into place that led to Athens being the cultural capital of Greece.
Pisistratus the Tyrant
_________ made democracy the main form of government in Athens.
Cleisthenes the Democrat.
Year the Ionian Greeks rebelled against Persia
499 BC
Battle where Athens defeated the Persians after Darius I sent a retaliatory attack after the Ionian Revolt.
Marathon 490 BC
Battle between the Persians and Sparta and it’s allies, and zwhere The 300 Spartans were defeated.
Thermopylae
The Athenian victory at _________ and the Spartan victory at _______ ended the Persian wars.
The Bay of Salamis. Plataea.
The ________ was a confederacy of 150 city states that included Athens, it was then corrupted into a tool that fueled Athenian imperialism and dominance over the other members.
Delian League
The __________ saw the victory of Sparta and its allies over the Delian League, and divided the Greek city states to the point they quibbled with one another to the point they were too slow to react to Phillip of Macedon’s encroachment on Greece.
Peloponnesian War
Greek Civilization
Hellenism
Three stages of Greek civilization
Hellenic Age , Hellenistic Age, Greco-Roman age
Alexander the Great was tutored by______
Aristotle
Hellenic Art emphasized _______ whereas Hellenistic Art emphasized realism
Idealism. Realism.
—————- was a Greek astronomer who said the sun was the center of the universe and that the planets revolved around it.
Aristarchus.
_________ the belief that people can achieve happiness when their bodies are free from pain and when their minds are free from worry and fear.
Epicureanism
_______ is the belief that one can achieve happiness from being rational, disciplining ones emotions, and by progressing morally and developing character. At the core is the belief that built into the universe was a principle of order called Divine Reason.
Stoicism.
