Studies paper 3

Question 0

Maass and Köhnken

Answer 0

86 psych students
Woman holding pen/syringe
Independent groups choose woman from lineup
Remembered less facial detail the greater their fear of injections
Syringe condition -poor identification

Question 1

Cook and Wilding

Answer 1

Carried out to see if ppl remember more when they hear something from a well known voice or voice they have heard only once.

Found little difference

Question 2

Anderson and Dill

Answer 2

Aim investigate effects of video game violence
Procedure 1. Survey to link likelihood of playing games with admitting to aggressive bhr.
2 lab exp 210ppt. Matched on high to low irritability one group plays violent another plays nonviolent. Violent condition more aggressive (noise blast)
Viovideograms more harmful than violent tv
More interactive and identifies with game person

Question 3

Evaluate Anderson dill

Answer 3

S
2 different research methods e.g. - reliable same results
Replicable explain
W
Measures of aggression not standardised, did not find sig. Results in all their measures
A & D looked immediately after so unable to see whether effect is long lasting

Question 4

Yarmey

Answer 4

Aim - effectiveness of ewt in males and females in terms of photo identification.
Procedure - 215 m and 375 f ,age range18-70, approached by target (look jewellery/ask directions), 2mins later f researcher asks to take part, either ask on spot or 4hrs later.
16 phys characteristic questionnaire confidence rating on 7pt scale then given 6photos asked to identify target
Results - 49% identified correctly, 62% said target not there correctly
Conclusion - cast doubts on assumption that jurors should accept ewt

Question 5

Evaluate Yarmey

Answer 5

S
Support haber and haber findings (50% accurate) so reliable
Carried out in natural environment-ecological validity
Range of ages generalizable and controls explain
W
Found age better identified than height & weight, contradicts Yuille and cutshall so not all studies support one another.
Photo lineup not same as real one -task lacks validity
Focuses on situation where ppt has met and spoken, not always the case for eyewitness, so should only be applied to similar situations

Question 6

Loftus & Palmer exp 1

Answer 6

Aim - see if phrasing would affect estimates of speed.
Procedure - 45 students shown 7 films each film lasting 5-30 secs. After every film given questionnaire, critical question was asking estimate of speeds.
Results smashed 40.8mph contacted 31.8mph
Conclusion leading questions can affect answer

Question 7

Loftus and Palmer exp 2

Answer 7

Procedure 150 ppt shown film with multiple car accident
Questionnaire asked ppt speed of car using word smashed and another hit.
One week later asked did you see any broken glass
Results smashed gave more yes answers
Conclusion way question asked can affect answer given. Verbal labels cause shift in memory to fit with label.

Question 8

Evaluation loftus and Palmer

Answer 8

S
Lab exp with clear controls (pps watch same film, same questions with one word change)
Estimates of speed are quantitative no need for interpretation so study is objective.
W
Not same emotional strain between watching and actually witnessing so not valid
Students as ppt not generalizable
Demand characteristics since students can work out hypothesis and answered accordingly

Question 9

Yuille and cutshall

Answer 9

Aim record ewt and examine accuracy of witness verbatim accounts, compare police vs researcher interviews
Procedure 20/21 witnesses contacted and 13 agreed to ppt, interviewed by police and by researchers 4/5 months later, 2 misleading questions (a/the broken headlight&yellow 1/4 panel)
Results researchers more detail than police 84.56% central witnesses accurate than peripheral 79.31 remained similar after 4 months. Misleading question had little effect.
Conclusion may have been investigating flashbulb memory ewt should not entirely be rejected.

Question 10

Evaluate Yuille and cutshall

Answer 10

S
Field study with real witness valid than the lab exps. Such as loftus and Palmer
Careful scoring procedures research compared with police so reliable
W
Could be flashbulb - different to what the lab studies were testing, cannot generalize to criticize
Scoring quali into quanti data always involve bias due to interpretation involved (how many action details)

Question 11

Jahoda

Answer 11

Studied Ashanti boys.
Kwadwo born on a Monday labelled quiet and peaceful
Kwadku born weds. Aggressive
Weds. Ppl higher arrest rate 22%

Question 12

Evaluate jahoda

Answer 12

S
Valid from court records
Difference in name is clear

W
Not replicated
Could be other factors besides the name

Question 13

Madon

Answer 13

Aim look at sfp in natural situation outside educ. Setting, whether accuracy of mom expc. Limit sfp
Procedure 505 mother child pairs
Longitudinal (questionnaire and interview)
Baseline measures is mother expectation of child future alcohol use(confidentiality guaranteed)
18mnth follow up -measure of child’s alcohol use
Results 52% relationship between mom expc and child alcohol use down to accurate maternal expectation, 48% down to sel fulfilling effects
Conclu high self esteem kids more susceptible to sfp and sfp are helpful rather than harmful

Question 14

Evaluate madon

Answer 14

S
Expc are naturally occurring more valid
Longitudinal design to show cause and effect to a certain extent (measured moms expc first)
W
Natural studies do not show cause and effect the way experiments do, SFP involves cause of bhr.

Question 15

Rosenthal and Jacobson

Answer 15

Pupils did IQ test
Randomly selected students about to bloom
Teachers thought predictions from IQ test but isn’t
Labelled about to bloom improved IQ score
Concluded teachers may treat differently special attention pupils more confident and so did better

Question 16

Evaluate rosenthal

Answer 16

S
Well controlled (teachers don’t know random IQ results)
Replicable carefully planned

W
Not ethical to choose children not every kid receives special attention bcos of study

Question 17

Ainsworth

Answer 17

Aim to observe attachment types between mom and babies
Structured obs. Film and observed through 1way mirror
66% securely attached 22%anxious avoid. 12%anx. Resis.
Jin mi kyoung studied Korean vs American proportions of ATt types are similar across cultures
Grossman more avoidant in Germany than Baltimore

Question 18

Evaluate ainsworth

Answer 18

S
Ainsworth worked in field of attachment and so carried out many studies and found similar conclusions
Well controlled procedure replicable inter observer reliability
Used naturalistic observation valid
W
Lab based and artificial lack validity
Using procedure developed in US on other countries, it may be task that gives differences rather than sensitivity of parents due to cultural differences

Question 19

Bowlby

Answer 19

Aim to find out factors that influence juvenile delinquency
Procedure London child guidance clinic
Interviews mom and kid case history psychological testing (assessed intelligence), 44 cases studied and another control grp 44 but not stealing
Results 93% affectionless thieves are level IV stealing most severe
Conclu affectionless linked with lack attachment &strong emotional loss during infancy

Question 20

Evaluate bowlby

Answer 20

S
In depth and detailed data gather from… Valid
Matched control group of similar children who not thieves in order to draw link between affectionless and stealing
W
Bowlby would prefer control group from normal school as control group had problems too
Child dev. Complex, other factors such as father relationship not considered

Question 21

NICHD

Answer 21

Aim look at effect of daycare on kids
Procedure 1200 children USA followed from birth until start school
Observation interview and survey
Results kids spent early and continuous and intensive time in daycare tend to more bhr prob., aggressiveness and disobedience
Nursery type led to improvements on cog. Dev.
Quality of daycare important (responsiveness of staff, stimulating environment)

Question 22

Evaluate NICHD

Answer 22

S
Longitudinal study can observe developmental patterns, coverage thorough and able to bring in many aspects of child’s experiences
Lot of research methods used such as… Reliable

W
Childcare involves so many variables besides quality and so hard to draw meaningful conclu.
One culture only studied cannot generalize to another

Question 23

EPPE

Answer 23

Aim look at impact of preschool provision on a child’s intellectual and social dev.
Procedure 3000 kids in UK of various social bckgrnd. observ. Interview with parents and practitioners
2 groups, daycare and stay home
Results high quality care improved social, bhral dev.
The earlier in day care the better int. dev.
Better sociability indepen. Conc. longer in daycare
Disadv. Kids Better off in good daycare.

Question 24

Evaluate EPPE

Answer 24

S
Carefully planned with kids from diff social bckgrnd
Secure conclusions
Longitudinal. Same as NICHD
W
Government funding - how far reflects government policy
Daycare complex (NICHD)

Question 25

Curtiss

Answer 25

Aim help genie and see whether 13 yo can learn language.
Procedure weekly interviews with genies mom, psychological testing with language test and observations. Daily doc reports
Results genie mom had stormy relationship with father, after paternal grand mom died father isolated genie to potty chair and crib in room, beaten when made noise.
Rescued and admitted to hospital malnutrition
Developed cog. Managed to do 8yo stuff (cleaning)
Understood numbers gave balloon to kid when he said 2 balloons
Asked names of things
Loss funding went to stay at residential home (beaten by foster homes bfore tht)

Question 26

Evaluate Curtiss

Answer 26

S
Many research methods such as…
Pseudonym protect identity ethical
W
Subjected to lot of testing rather than helping to rehab. Her
Condition may be due to mental retardation of fever during infancy or poor socialization

Question 27

Goldfarb

Answer 27

In children staying institution, one group of children fostered age 3 compare another group fostered 6months.
Age group 3 showed less emotionally secure and intellectually behind compared to earlier foster grp
Support bowlby maternal deprivation hypo.

Question 28

Evaluate Goldfarb

Answer 28

S
Real kids institu. Valid
Use control group fostered early as baseline measure.
W
Early group may share personality, looks that made them more likely to be fostered; I.e. Biased sample in late group
Different aspects of fostering that influence kid dev.

Question 29

Harlow

Answer 29

Infant monkeys separated from mothers
One set accessed to towel and food providing wire monkeys
Other only food
Set that received comfort from towel better adjusted physically and mentally
Preferred towel than food
Not food alone connects mother and infant (i.e goes against cupboard love theory)

Question 30

Evaluate Harlow

Answer 30

S
Filmed and showed that monkeys frightened, validity
Monkeys close to humans (share 98%of genes), generalizable to an extent
Schaffer and Emerson found infants form multiple attachments which supports findings
W
Unethical monkeys often frightened and distressed (also separation from mothers at early age, social environment not maintained
Animals not same as humans

Question 31

Lorenz

Answer 31

Animal such as ducks and geese follow the first moving object they see when hatch in order to survive

Showed how animals use imprinting as survival mechanism

Question 32

Evaluate Lorenz

Answer 32

S
Used ethology and studied animals in natural settings ecological validity.
Other experiments replicated findings (used rubber glove as imprinting object)
W
Findings from animals cannot generalize to humans explain that humans bhr more complex in terms of problem solving and language use.
Only precocial species show imprinting, humans and other animals do not

Question 33

Koluchova

Answer 33

Twins lost mom, father remarried stepmother locked them for 5 years, suffered from rickets could not talk, went to learning difficulty school IQ returned to normal at 15 married and led stable families

Question 34

Evaluate Koluchova

Answer 34

S
Longitudinal development can be tracked to help draw conclusions on reversing privation (later life e.g.)
Iq testing interview observation many research methods
Known that twins normal when raised by aunt (normal baseline) and then became severely behind development due to privation (compare with)

W
Attach to each other so able to develop normally (remove effects of privation)
Formed attachment with aunt (deprived rather than priv)
Underlying anxieties cannot be uncovered (unknown)

Question 35

Freud and dann

Answer 35

6 Children in terezín, parents sent to conc camps.
Suffered privation (cannot talk, strongly attached to one another )and brought to Britain to be fostered.
Follow up- developed normal intelligence but one sought psychiatric help as adult.

Question 36

Evaluate Freud and dann

Answer 36

S
Longitudinal so long term effects can observed conclusions can be made

W
Form attachments not privated
Not replicable due to unique individuals

Question 37

Spitz

Answer 37

Children in institution deprived attachment figure depressed, weight loss insomnia.
Separation and being deprived brings extreme consequences, lack of stimulation in institutions blamed.

Question 38

Evaluate spitz

Answer 38

S
Studied real children in institutions Eco valid
Continued over long period to find that kids deprived has low IQ this adds to validity of findings.
W
No experiments carried out
No careful sampling = observations biased
Measurements IQ difficult due to cultural differences

Question 39

Robertson

Answer 39

Protest first stage child cried (anger&fear)
Despair crying more urgent
Detachment stopped protesting and crying
Observations with children in hospitals

Question 40

Evaluate Robertson

Answer 40

S
Naturalistic obs. Valid involve real child separated from attachment figure
Other films children made and found similar responses reliable
W
Since actual situation not repeated obs. Not replicable
Hard to generalize different unique individuals.

Question 41

Milby

Answer 41

TEPs successful at control bhr in psychiatric hospitals
More investigation on how effective TEPs worked alongside drugs
Need follow up studies how long effects lasted

Question 42

Dickerson et al

Answer 42

TEPs successful in obtaining bhr from schizos.
More follow up needed.
What happens outside environ, is bhr carried out as well?

Question 43

Watt et al.

Answer 43

Violent male adult offenders on anger management compared with another group on waiting list
No special gain for both groups
Measured anger expression
Anger manag. No value

Question 44

Law

Answer 44

Looked at four anger manag. Programmes

Prisoners control anger to a greater extent after program