studies paper 1

Question 1

attachment

Meltzoff and Moore (1977)

caregiver-infant interactions

Answer 1

infants as young as 2 weeks old imitate specific gestures made by caregiver so its inate

Question 2

attachment

Isabella et al (1989)

interactional synchronicity

Answer 2

higher levels of synchronicity associated with more secure attachments
* naturalisic home observation
* 30 mothers and babies

Question 3

attachment

Condon and Sander (1974)

reciprocity

Answer 3

babies move in-time with rhythm of ‘conversational dance’
* frambe-by-frame analysis
* both elicited responses

Question 4

attachment

Murray and Travarthen (1985)

reciprocity

Answer 4

Deliberately interferred with interactional turn-taking by maing mothers use ‘frozen-face’ expression.
babies showed serious distress and made deliberate attempts to draw mother back into convo.
* infant = active in communicating

Question 5

attachment

method of Schaffer and Emerson

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 5

• 60 glasweigan babies (31M, 29F)
• visited once per month for 1 year, check-up at 18 months
• mother kept a diary of babies behaviour to separation anxiety scenarios and stranger anxiety scenarios (stranger = measured by S+E)

Question 6

attachment

findings of Schaffer and Emerson

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 6

• 6-7months = 50% displayed separation anxiety
• 9months = 80% specific, 30% multiple
• 1yr, majority had multiple

Question 7

attachment

how many stages of attachment

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 7

4

Question 8

attachment

stage 1

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 8

Asocial
* similar response to animate and inanimate objects
* recognise faces
* smile at everyone

Question 9

what age range is asocial attachment

Answer 9

0-2 months

Question 10

attachment

stage 2

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 10

indiscriminate
* prefer people over objects
* recognise and prefer familiar faces
* accept comfort from anyone

Question 11

attachment

what age range is indiscriminate attachment

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 11

2-7 months

Question 12

attachment

stage 3

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 12

specific
* demonstrate stranger and separation anxiety
* use familiar adults as ‘secure base’

Question 13

attachment

what age range is specific attachment

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 13

7 months

Question 14

attachment

multiple

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 14

• displays attachment behaviour towards adults they’re familiar with
• ‘secondary attachments’

Question 15

attachment

what age range is multiple attachment

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 15

8 months
(specific + 1 month)

Question 16

attachment

Grossman (2002)

role of the father

Answer 16

• longitudinal. 44 families
• compared role of father & mother’s contribution to a child’s attachment experience at 6, 10, 16 years old.
• the quality of a baby’s later attachment related to quality of early maternal attachment
• father’s play style (sensitive/challenging) closely linked to their own IWM.
• play sensitivity = better predictor of child’s LT attachment representation than early measures of infants attachment to father.

Question 17

attachment

Bowlby (1988)

role of the father

Answer 17

fathers can fill a role closely resembling a trad. mothers, but in most cultures this is uncommon.
usually tend to take on more of a play-mate role

Question 18

attachment

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

role of the father

Answer 18

3% = father as primary attachment
75%/most common secondary attachment.

Question 19

attachment