Studies for Exam Essays

Question 1

Altermann (1994)

Answer 1

High-strain jobs lead to increased risk of heart disease

Question 2

Baillien & De Witte (2009)

Answer 2

Organisational change is often cited as a source of workplace bullying, BUT effect is fully mediated by role conflict and job insecurity.

Question 3

Bakker et al (2010)

Answer 3

Employees report the highest positive attitudes to work when both job demands and resources are high. Suggest that Job Demands-Resources Model (Demerouti et al., 2001) has greater strength when identifying employees at risk of work stress

Question 4

Bosma et al (1997)

Answer 4

High strain jobs lead to increased risk of heart disease

Question 5

Boyas & Wind (2010)

Answer 5

Communication, co-worker trust, and organisational fairness all positively contributed to reducing burnout in child welfare workers.

Question 6

Bruning & Frew (1987)

Answer 6

Combination of two interventions led to the greatest improvement overall

Question 7

Cartwright & Cooper (2005)

Answer 7

Primary interventions are the most effective because they take effect before harm occurs

Question 8

Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD; 2016)

Answer 8

Full time workers average 39.1 hours/week, part time workers average 18.1 hours/week, just under 20% of workforce worked over 45 hours/week in 2013.

Question 9

Chen et al. (2011)

Answer 9

Low control in particular in JDC and JDCS Models cannot adequately for cases of work stress-related depression. They instead propose that a high effort-reward imbalance (Siegrist, 1996) is a better explanation.

Question 10

Davis et al. (2001)

Answer 10

Low melatonin in night shift workers linked to increase risk of breast cancer

Question 11

De Longe et al. (2003)

Answer 11

Meta-analysis only found modest support for hypothesis that high demands/low control lead to stressful working conditions

Question 12

Ducharme et al. (2000)

Answer 12

virtual teams may struggle to form relationships with coworkers, and reduced perceived co-worker support leads to lower job satisfaction

Question 13

Ducharme et al. (2007)

Answer 13

Co-worker support has a protective effect against instances of emotional exhaustion and burnout

Question 14

EAPA (2013)

Answer 14

Employee Assistance Programs (Tertiary Interventions)

Question 15

Evans & Davidson (2013)

Answer 15

Shift Distribution Model – long term disruption of circadian rhythms associated with an increased risk of an immense number of negative health outcomes, including premature death, cancer, metabolic disorder, cardiovascular dysfunction, immune dysregulation, reproductive problems, mood disorders, and learning deficits

Question 16

Galbraith & Brown (2011)

Answer 16

Tertiary interventions occur too late and stress interventions should focus on organisational factors

Question 17

Gajendran & Harrison (2007)

Answer 17

Positive effects of teleworking may be mediated by level of autonomy they have

Question 18

Golden (2007)

Answer 18

Prevalence of teleworkers may increase job dissatisfaction and intentions leave work in employees who remain in the office

Question 19

Grossman et al. (2004)

Answer 19

Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction seems to be effective at improving psychological wellbeing

Question 20

Haider et al. (1981)

Answer 20

Shift work stress and health model (SATAN MODEL)

Question 21

Hamer et al. (2006)

Answer 21

Encouragement of physical exercise can promote mental health and help employees deal with stress

Question 22

Häusser (2010)

Answer 22

There is “almost always” support for the effects of high strain and low social support on psychological well-being if the sample size is large enough. They do, however, highlight that results from longitudinal research are inconsistent.

Question 23

Health and Safety Executive implemented in?

Answer 23

1995 - Risk assessments a legal requirement since 1999

Question 24

Healy & Waterhouse (1991)

Answer 24

Mismatch Hypothesis – exogenous and endogenous cues fall out of sync leads to listlessness (lethargy), feelings of dysphoria, and general anergia. Core symptoms of affective disorders, namely depression

Question 25

Itani & Kaneita (2016)

Answer 25

Further, in-depth epidemiological studies are required to disentangle the relationship between shift work and sleep disturbances, cannot make causal associations until this occurs

Question 26

Jawahar et al (2007)

Answer 26

Perceived role conflict leads to greater instances of depersonalisation and emotional exhaustion (two forms of burnout). This effect is moderated by perceived organisational support.

Question 27

Johnson & Hall (1988)

Answer 27

Job Demand-Control-Support Model

Question 28

Karasek et al. (1979)

Answer 28

Job Demand-Control Model

Question 29

Kurland & Cooper (2002)

Answer 29

Teleworkers report feeling more isolated and working from home has a negative impact on interpersonal relationships

Question 30

Lamontagne et al. (2013)

Answer 30

Individual focused, tertiary interventions may have positive outcomes on an individual level, they tend not to have favourable impacts at an organisational level

Question 31

Lazarus (2000)

Answer 31

Coping Behaviour Training

Question 32

Lin et al. (2010)

Answer 32

Job stress correlated with instances of depression, but social support had a protective effect, more so than coping behaviours in Taiwanese nurses

Question 33

Mann & Holdsworth (2003)

Answer 33

Teleworking has negative impact on health, increases feelings of loneliness, irritability, worry, and guilt. Experience sig more mental health symptoms than office workers

Question 34

McGilton et al. (2007)

Answer 34

Poor relationships with supervisory staff lead to higher ratings of job dissatisfaction and work stress in nurses

Question 35

Murphy (2003)

Answer 35

Sometimes difficult to restructure and instil primary interventions. Secondary interventions may still be effective

Question 36

Murphy (2006)

Answer 36

Best way to improve employee health and wellbeing is to adopt a “healthy work organisation approach”

Question 37

Nea et al. (2015)

Answer 37

Comprehensive review of Shift work in general. Methodological concerns with current literature – recurring lack of standardised definition for shift work and variability in shift patterns – inter-study variability in exposure and outcomes of shift work – poor control over confounding factors.

Question 38

Parkes & Sparkes (1998)

Answer 38

Primary interventions reduce a stressor at the source with socio-technical and psychosocial interventions

Question 39

Ram et al. (2011)

Answer 39

Role ambiguity leads to higher instances of work stress in Pakistani Managers

Question 40

Randall & Nielsen (2010)

Answer 40

Secondary Interventions reduce the severity of symptoms of stress before they lead to more serious problems by training the individual to respond differently

Question 41

Richardson & Rothstein (2008)

Answer 41

Organisation focused interventions lacked sig improvement in stress measures. CBT by far the most effective intervention.

Question 42

Rotenberg et al. (2011)

Answer 42

Sleep disturbances experienced by night shift workers persist even 5 years after leaving shift work. BUT cross-sectional data

Question 43

Rutenfranz (1976)

Answer 43

Stress-Strain Model

Question 44

Rutenfranz (1981)

Answer 44

Reparative effect of leaving shift work on sleep disturbance. BUT 4,500 shift workers, only 21 ex-shift workers.

Question 45

Sack (1992)

Answer 45

The melatonin levels of night shift workers fluctuate more than ‘normal’ workers. Night shift workers also produce much less melatonin, and peak earlier in the day than normal workers.

Question 46

Salami (2011)

Answer 46

Low social support interacts with personality to influence levels of burnout in university lecturers

Question 47

Salmon et al (2012)

Answer 47

Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction

Question 48

Sardeshmukh et al. (2012)

Answer 48

Working in a virtual team can reduce work pressure and role conflict due to increased job flexibility. Reduced support and increased role ambiguity results in both job disengagement and burnout

Question 49

Schernhammer et al. (2003)

Answer 49

Low melatonin in night shift workers linked to increase risk of colorectal cancer

Question 50

Smith et al. (1993)

Answer 50

Night shift workers report the highest ratings of social and family issues, stress and health concerns, and fatigue and sleep disturbances

Question 51

Van der Klink (2000)

Answer 51

Organisation focused interventions lacked sig improvement in stress measures. CBT most effective intervention

Question 52

Virtanen et al. (2007)

Answer 52

High strain jobs are the most likely to lead to psychological distress, resulting in medically certified sickness absence

Question 53

Viswanathan et al. (2007)

Answer 53

Low melatonin in night shift workers linked to increase risk of endometrial cancer

Question 54

Weinert (2015)

Answer 54

The lack of role clarity provided to teleworkers who spend majority of time alone increases extent of telework-exhaustion (burnout)