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Psychology A2 Level: Paper 3 > Studies: Developmental Psych > Flashcards

Studies: Developmental Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

aim of O’Connor et. al

A

To investigate whether Social Learning Theory (SLT) parenting intervention promotes positive change in parent-child rel. in terms of attachment theory

To examine whether children learn attachment behavior from their parents (role models)

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2
Q

Participants of O’Connor et. al

A

4 primary schools in a deprived borough of inner London\
2004 - 2006
672 reception and Yr1 students
split into a training group and a control group

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3
Q

Procedure of O’Connor et. al

A

-Training group
-offered 12 weeks SLT based parenting programme and a 6 week literacy programme
-Control group
no active intervention offered

  • each family given a home visit before and after the 12 weeks
    -child and parent videotaped doing 3 tasks
    -free play
    -construct lego object from image
    parent not allowed to tough, only instruct
    toy clean up
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4
Q

Findings of O’ Connor et. al

A

-more attachment behaviour TOWARDS the parent from child after training
-esp. after rewards (e.g: praise)
-training group=happier and more communicative

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5
Q

Conclusion of O’Connor et. al

A
  • Children do learn attachment behaviours from parents
    -Children more likely to reciprocate attachment behav. when modeled it by parents (motivated via reward)
    -attachment behav. is learned
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6
Q

Aim of Bowlby’s 44 Thieves Study

A

To investigate whether there is a CORRELATION between
-maternal DEPRIVATION
+ affectionless psychopathy

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7
Q

Participants in Bowlby’s 44 Thieves Study

A

-88 children from a London guidance clinic
-Juvenile thieves=44
-‘control’ non- thieves but emotionally disturbed=44

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8
Q

Procedure of Bowlby’s 44 Thieves

A
  • all interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy
    -families interviewed
    -records looked at to see if they experienced MAT. DEP.
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9
Q

Conclusion of Bowlby’s 44 Thieves

A

-MAT DEP. causes/correlates with affectionless psychopathy

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10
Q

Findings of Bowlby’s 44 Thieves

A

-14 out of 44 Thieves were classified as being “affectionless”
-12/14 of those thieves experienced maternal deprivation

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11
Q

What was the aim of Ding et. al’s study?

A

-To investigate the relation of mother-infant attachments
-2 ATTACHMENT, cognitive and behavioral dev.
-in young children

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12
Q

Who were the participants in Ding et. al’s study?

A

-firstborn and healthy 12-18 month old infants
-160
-82 boys and 72 girls
-recruited through child healthcare networks in China
-mostly middle income families

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12
Q

Who were the participants in Ding et. al’s study?

A

-firstborn and healthy 12-18 month old infants
-160
-82 boys and 72 girls
-recruited through child healthcare networks in China
-mostly middle income families

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13
Q

Procedure of Ding et. al’s study

A

-Longitudinal study
-attachment at first evaluated using
-SSP (Ainsworth’s method)
-Child attachment Q-SETS (AQS)
-reflects on child’s seQurity
-evaluation performed by mothers
-approval from a board in China + INFORMED consent from mothers
-followed up 3 years later

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14
Q

What were the findings of Ding et. al’s study?

A
  • 78/118 (children who followed up)= secure attachment
    -40/118= insecure attachment
    -10/40= insecure avoidant
    -27/40=Insecure resistant
    -3/40=both
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15
Q

What was the conclusion of Ding et. al’s Study

A

-Majority showed secure attachment (maintained this during early childhood)
-Insecure attachment remained
-Securely attached children more likely 2 have higher cognitive skills and behaviour

16
Q

Evaluation of Ding et. Al’s Study?

A

G — low as all participants were from Shanghai China
collectivist culture so can’t be generalised to individualist cultures

R — high due interobserver reliability and use of SSP and AQS that can be easily repeated and means there’s 2 dif tests being used in eval

A — high applicability as it encourages parents to evaluate their parenting and be more sensitive to their child’s needs
secure attachment aids cognitive development

V — high as study uses empirical evidence (video and audio recordings), so reviewer can return to evidence to review

E — high as it was approved by an ethics board in China and informed consent was gained from the mothers

17
Q

Evaluation of Bowlby’s 44 Thieves Study

A

Evaluation -

G - low —
all teens
done a long time ago (+ after WW2)

R - low —
retrospective study + interviews

A - high —
may aid in making better policies in childcare and hospitals

V - low
Bowlby carried out the assessments and interviews himself

E - low
Lack of consent (minors)
Psychological harm by asking about childhood

18
Q

Evaluation of Ding et. al’s Study

A

Evaluation -

G — low as all participants were from Shanghai China
collectivist culture so can’t be generalised to individualist cultures

R — high due interobserver reliability and use of SSP and AQS that can be easily repeated and means there’s 2 dif tests being used in eval

A — high applicability as it encourages parents to evaluate their parenting and be more sensitive to their child’s needs
secure attachment aids cognitive development

V — high as study uses empirical evidence (video and audio recordings), so reviewer can return to evidence to review

E — high as it was approved by an ethics board in China and informed consent was gained from the mothers

Longitudinal Study

+
not-retrospective and so doesn’t rely on potentially unreliable memory
-
some participants were unable to return for follow ups and so there data cannot be analysed and recorded and pop size decreases

19
Q

Aim of Ainsworth’s SSP

A
  • To investigate the TYPES of attachments formed by 12-18 month old infants
20
Q

Participants of Ainsworth’s SSP

A
  • 100 middle class mother and infants (12-18 months)
  • from the USA
21
Q

Procedure of Ainsworth’s SSP

A
  • SSP
    -Child plays toys + EXPLORES space
    -MOTHER is present
    -stranger enters + tries to interact with child
    -MOTHER LEAVES
    -stranger triest to comfort child
    -Mother returns and stranger leaves
    -mother comforts child
    -then leaves again for 3min
    -stranger returns
    -mother returns, picks up child and stranger leaves
22
Q

Finding’s for Ainsworth’s Study

A
  • 70%=secure
    -20%= IA
    -10% IR
23
Q

Conclusion of Ainsworth’s SSP

A
  • Attachment is NOT an all or nothing process
    -dif types of attachment
    -most infants are securely attached
24
Q

Evaluation of SSP

A

-G: lacks generalisability
-100 middle class American famillies
-R: high due to inter-observer reliability
-more than one observer + process was filmed
-A: has become the most widely used method for caregiver (can be used to identify types)
-V: lacks ecological validity (strange + artificial environment)
-E: Informed consent from mothers

25
Q

Aim of Cassiba et. al

A

To investigate if the majority of Italian Children are classified as having secure attachment

26
Q

Participants in Cassiba et. al

A

For children
- 627 participants
- from 17 studies using SSP
For adults
-For adults
-2258 participants
from 50 studies using Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)

27
Q

Procedure of Cassiba et. al

A

-Studies used SSP and AAI
-Statistical tests were used to compare SSP and AAI –together
-researchers looks at clinical and non-clinical samples
-results were measured against US non clinical norm of attachment

28
Q

Findings of Cassiba et. al

A

Children
secure attachment = 53%
IA = 33%
IR = 14%
lower % of secure and higher % of IA attachment than US

29
Q

Conclusion of Cassiba et. al

A

-differences in percentage of IA attached children between US and Italy
-secure attachment was still the highest

30
Q

Aim of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

A
  • To carry out cross-cultural analysis looking at differences between cultures and countries in their attachment types
31
Q

Paricipants of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

A

Participants:

  • 32 studies
    -All using SSP and ABC classification
    -children under the age of 2
    from 8 countries
32
Q

Procedure of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

A
  • Meta analysis
    • using large database
      -Only studies using:
      -SSP
      -ABC Classifications
      -Samples such as Down Syndrome children + studies with less than 35 participants not included

-using meta analysis they calculated the average percentage for the diff. attachment

33
Q

Findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

A

-In most studies, secure attachment was the most frequently found attachment type
- More Type A attachments in western countries (insecure avoidant)
- More Type C attachments in Eastern Countries (insecure resistant)
- China had the lowest rate of secure attachment because no one caregiver (everybody contributes financially to the family and helps out)

34
Q

Conclusion of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

A
  • Secure attachment is the most common type
    -universally, however there are some significant cultural differences(for example, between the US and China)
    collectivist vs individualist
35
Q

Evaluation of Cassiba et. al

A

G — high as it looks at both clinical and non-clinical samples
low as ethnocentric (italian sample and compared to US studies only - individualist culture

R —

A — high as Applicable to understanding differences in attachment styles in each country and perhaps improving infant care to establish secure attachments.

V — height due to Standardized methodology, lab experiment (high control of extraneous variables). However the studies lacked ecological validity due to the strange environment

E — high as it was a Meta analysis, didn’t do any actual experiments

36
Q

Summary of Punch

A
  • Type of research: Ethnography
    -systematic study of people and cultures
    -designed to exp. cultural phenomena
    -researcher observes society from pov of the subject of the study
37
Q

Strengths of Punch

A

As an ethnography
- Direct access 2 culture and practices of group (val. insight)
-Extensive in depth findings
-Observation rather than pre. det. examinations or tests
-can explore new lines of enquiry

38
Q

Weaknesses of Punch

A
  • relies on observations so often takes longer to produce thorough and reliable results
  • usually only 1 or very few observers to low inter-observer reliability and high observer bias (cultural bias or ignorance)

Psychology A2 Level: Paper 3 (2 decks)

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