Studies by Hall, Phillips and Bowling

Question 1

What is ethnicity?

Answer 1

refers to shared cultural practices, perspectives, and distinctions that set apart one group of people from another

Question 2

Phillips and Bowling - Why did the issue of race and crime become an issue in the 1970’s?

Answer 2

Due to the over-represented number of African/Caribbean people in prison in Britain

Question 3

Phillips and Bowling - What were the police force blamed for?

Answer 3

Institutionalised racism (did not deal with the racist attacks as well as they should have)

Question 4

Phillips and Bowling - What did the higher arrest rates for African Caribbean’s lead to?

Answer 4

“Black criminality”

Question 5

Phillips and Bowling - Why was crime amongst Asians initially low?

Answer 5

Strong family ties and close knit communities

Question 6

Hall - What effect did the image of a black mugger in the media have?

Answer 6

Created moral panic
Police would arrest any suspicious African Caribbean youths
Reported increase of black people committing crime
Negative stereotyping

Question 7

Hall - Why might African Caribbean’s committed more crime during this period?

Answer 7

More pressure
Street crime became a survival strategy
Loss of jobs
Low wages

Question 8

What did Gilroy say to contradict Hall, Phillips and Bowling?

Answer 8

Black criminality is a myth
They are just trying to defend themselves against a society that treats them unfairly
Political struggle
Police are prejudice
Many Afro-Caribbean’s are law abiding citizens

Question 9

What do left realists say about the research conducted by Hall, Phillips and Bowling?

Answer 9

Ignores the race of the victim - are black people committing crime against black people
Other factors need to be fully investigated

Question 10

Which sociologists would support the idea that black people commit more crime because of their circumstances?

Answer 10

Marxists

Cashmore

Question 11

What cause does military style policing have on the criminality of black people?

Answer 11

Increased tensions so a form of rebellion might occur

Question 12

Positive evaluation points for Hall, Phillips and Bowling?

Answer 12

Supported by Interactionists

Police use labelling - powers of suspicion to stop and search black youths more

Question 13

2 examples of studies reviewed by Bowling and Phillips?

Answer 13

Desai (1999) and Mawby and Batta (1980).

Question 14

Why are crime rates for Asians relatively so low?

Answer 14

They come from tightly knit self-regulating communities with strong family ties.

Question 15

Which crimes did Mawby and Batta (1980) research?

Answer 15

British Asian crime in Bradford.

Question 16

Why were British Asians reluctant to commit crime?

Answer 16

“Izzat”/ “Family honour”

Question 17

What did Alexander (2000) research?

Answer 17

He conducted an ethnographic research of young Asian males in South London during the 1990’s

Question 18

What were some reasons as to why the moral panic might have escalated about Asian gangs?

Answer 18

The Gulf War in 1990 lead to hostile attitudes towards the Middle East/ A 1993 Panorama documentary expressed concern about Muslim Ghetto culture, and many news articles about Asian gangs appeared in the Daily Mail and Independent newspapers/ 3) In 1995 there was a riot in Bradford whereby Asian youths expressed their unhappiness about how their community was being policed.

Question 19

True or false: Asian gangs actually existed

Answer 19

False

Question 20

What is a disadvantage of Alexander’s work?

Answer 20

He may have “Gone native”/ Violated ethics as no informed consent when the research was started.

Question 21

What is an advantage of Alexander’s work?

Answer 21

Qualitative research and therefore is supported by interpretivists/ Rich findings as Verstehen gained.

Question 22

What did Bowling and Graham’s (1995) sample of people consist of?

Answer 22

1700 participants and then a further 800 participants from ethnic minorities.

Question 23

What did the participants of Bowling and Graham’s study have to do?

Answer 23

Self-report the number and types of crime they had committed during the last year.

Question 24

What did Bowling and Graham find?

Answer 24

44% white people, 43% black people, 30% Indian, 28% Pakistani and 13% Bangladeshi admitted to committing one or more crimes/ White males and females admitted to using drugs more than any other ethnic group, whilst Bangladeshi people had the lowest rate of drug use/ White people commit more crime than other ethnic groups in general.

Question 25

What is an advantage of Bowling and Graham’s study?

Answer 25

Large sample/ Good statistics.

Question 26

What is a disadvantage of Bowling and Graham’s study?

Answer 26

Social desirability bias/ Lying/ Not knowing what was and was not a crime.