Studies And Observations Flashcards
Describe the difference between scientific thinking and every day observation
Science relies on repeatable evidence where as every day observation often ignores evidence. Scientific knowledge is both stable and changing.
Educated guess based on prior info or knowledge
Hypothesis
A hypothesis must be ________ and _________
Falsifiable and Testable
The relationship between facts. It is used to explain a phenomenon and generate predictions.
Theory
Does correlation equal causation?
No. Correlation does not equal causation.
________ describes a linear relationship between two variables.
Correlation
True or false? It is possible to have validity without reliability.
False, you must have a reliability to have validity.
Participants have an equal chance of being in the experimental or the control condition.
Randomization
Participants are taken from a certain population then randomized into conditions
Convenience
What are three methods of science descriptive?
Case studies, observations, and surveys
Study in which people or animals of various ages are compared at a given time.
Cross sectional study
Study in which subjects are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time
Longitudinal study
This study combines cross-section and longitudinal design.
Mixed longitudinal
The consistency or stability of an observation
Reliability
The accuracy or Percision of measurement
Validity
Do you use for finding meaningful patterns and summaries in large sets of data
Descriptive statistics
Describe the problem that can occur with the mean value of a data set
The mean could easily be skewed by outliers within the data set
What are the two areas descriptive statistics measure?
Measures of central tendency in and measure up spread/dispersion
Statistics that allow experimenters to draw conclusions from samples to larger populations/how our observations fit the big picture
Inferential statistics
Refers to a result that is extremely unlikely to occur by chance
Statistical significance
Testing to reject the null hypothesis
Null hypothesis testing
Default position that there is no difference between the independent variable and control condition
Null Hypothesis
Position stating that there is a difference between the exposure and control condition
Alternative Hypothesis
Probability of the occurrence of a given event
P value
Best study to use for rare cases
Case study
A subset of a population is called a
Sample
