Studies

Question 1

Study that is ONLY retrospective?

Answer 1

Case control

Question 2

Study that is BOTH prospective and retrospective?

Answer 2

Cohort

Question 3

Observational studies?

Answer 3

1) Case control
2) Cohort
3) Cross sectional

Question 4

Case control?

Answer 4

Compares a group of people with dz to a group without dz–looks for PRIOR exposure or risk factor

Question 5

Cohort study?

Answer 5

Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure–looks to see if exposure increases LIKELIHOOD of dz

Question 6

Cross sectional?

Answer 6

Collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of dz (and related risk factors) at a particular point in time

Question 7

Measures genetics (heritability) only?

Answer 7

Twin concordance study

Question 8

Measures genetics AND environmental factors?

Answer 8

Adoption study

Question 9

Odds ratio?

Answer 9

Case control

Question 10

Relative risk?

Answer 10

Cohort

Question 11

Disease prevalence?

Answer 11

Cross sectional

Question 12

Cannot expose cause and effect?

Answer 12

1) Case control

2) Cross sectional

Question 13

Measures exposure AND outcome simultaneously?

Answer 13

Cross sectional

Question 14

Phase I clinical trial?

Answer 14

SMALL # of HEALTHY volunteers

Question 15

Phase II clinical trial?

Answer 15

SMALL # of DISEASED volunteers

Question 16

Phase III clinical trial?

Answer 16

LARGE # of pts randomly assigned either to tx under investigation OR best available tx OR placebo

Question 17

Phase IV clinical trial?

Answer 17

Postmarketing surveillance trial of pts AFTER approval

Question 18

Purpose of phase I?

Answer 18

1) Human microdosing phase
2) Toxicity
3) Pharmacokinetics

Question 19

Purpose of phase II?

Answer 19

1) Tx efficacy and safety
2) Optimal dosing
3) AEs

Question 20

Purpose of phase III?

Answer 20

COMPARES the new tx to current standard of care (premarketing phase)

Question 21

Purpose of phase IV?

Answer 21

Detects rare or long term AEs (postmarketing phase)

Question 22

Primary dz prevention?

Answer 22

Prevention (e.g. vaccine)

Question 23

Secondary dz prevention?

Answer 23

Detection (e.g. Pap smear)

Question 24

Tertiary dz prevention?

Answer 24

Reduce disability from disease (e.g. chemotherapy)