Studies Flashcards
Study that is ONLY retrospective?
Case control
Study that is BOTH prospective and retrospective?
Cohort
Observational studies?
1) Case control
2) Cohort
3) Cross sectional
Case control?
Compares a group of people with dz to a group without dz–looks for PRIOR exposure or risk factor
Cohort study?
Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure–looks to see if exposure increases LIKELIHOOD of dz
Cross sectional?
Collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of dz (and related risk factors) at a particular point in time
Measures genetics (heritability) only?
Twin concordance study
Measures genetics AND environmental factors?
Adoption study
Odds ratio?
Case control
Relative risk?
Cohort
Disease prevalence?
Cross sectional
Cannot expose cause and effect?
1) Case control
2) Cross sectional
Measures exposure AND outcome simultaneously?
Cross sectional
Phase I clinical trial?
SMALL # of HEALTHY volunteers
Phase II clinical trial?
SMALL # of DISEASED volunteers
Phase III clinical trial?
LARGE # of pts randomly assigned either to tx under investigation OR best available tx OR placebo
Phase IV clinical trial?
Postmarketing surveillance trial of pts AFTER approval
Purpose of phase I?
1) Human microdosing phase
2) Toxicity
3) Pharmacokinetics
Purpose of phase II?
1) Tx efficacy and safety
2) Optimal dosing
3) AEs
Purpose of phase III?
COMPARES the new tx to current standard of care (premarketing phase)
Purpose of phase IV?
Detects rare or long term AEs (postmarketing phase)
Primary dz prevention?
Prevention (e.g. vaccine)
Secondary dz prevention?
Detection (e.g. Pap smear)
Tertiary dz prevention?
Reduce disability from disease (e.g. chemotherapy)
