Studies

Question 1

Seavey at al

Answer 1

1975

Baby in yellow - 3 toys - adults chose girl toy for perceived girl and neutral toy for perceived boy

Question 2

Langlois and downs

Answer 2

1980

Compared mothers reactions to children playing with opposite sex toys to peer reactions. Peer much harsher

Question 3

Bem

Answer 3

1974
Sex role inventory
Self report, 7 point likert scale, 100 American undergraduates.
Masculine feminine androgynous undifferentiated

Question 4

Young

Answer 4

1966

Gave testosterone to female mice - acted like males, tried to mate the male way.

Question 5

Little hans

Answer 5

1909

Freud - phobia of horse is acc Oedipus complex example

Question 6

Snortum

Answer 6

1969

46 homosexual males who had close bonds with controlling mothers - oedipus? Not enough masculine influence

Question 7

Wiszewska

Answer 7

2007
Females rated attractiveness of men. Those who had close relationship with father were more likely to say men who looked like him were attractive. Electra complex? Unconscious desire for him?

Question 8

Kohlberg

Answer 8

1966
Gender development across time
Labelling stability constancy

Also found children 5 and upwards recognised the constancy of gender

Question 9

Slaby and Frey

Answer 9

1975
Showed pics of young children to children and asked “which one are you?”
Children over 2 gave an appropriate answer

Question 10

Martin and halverson

Answer 10

1983
Gender schema theory
Ingroup and outgroup

Also children under 6 recalled more gender consistent photos than gender inconsistent photos when show a collection. Also schemas can distort information.

Question 11

Bradbard

Answer 11

1986

Told 4-9 year olds that certain objects were male or female objects. Each gender focused more on ingroup items.

Question 12

Campbell

Answer 12

2000

Even very young infants preferred to observe same sex infants.

Question 13

Huston

Answer 13

1983
Parents believed they responded to boys and girls equally, but actually they were harsher on girls when they were aggressive than on guys.

Question 14

Perry and bussey

Answer 14

1979
Apple’s and pears, 8-9 year olds
Children took the fruit that the same sex model had chosen.

Supports ideabof gender appropriate behaviour through observation of models.

Question 15

Huston and wright

Answer 15

1988

Men outnumber women in tv shows and hold bigger roles

Question 16

Williams

Answer 16

1988
NOTEL

Found gender stereotypes most traditional with less tv available

Question 17

Margaret mead

Answer 17

1935
Test to see if culture influenced gender.

3 tribes - all different roles for men and women
Cultural relativism- some gender-related behaviours innate and some defined by cultures.

Question 18

Buss

Answer 18

1989

Opposes Mead
Across 37 cultures, found men desired beauty and women desired financial security

Question 19

Williams and Best

Answer 19

1989
Opposes Mead
2800 students, 300 word lost, 30 countries. Broad consensus - universal stereotypes exist regardless of culture.

Question 20

Hare et al

Answer 20

2009
Correlation between GD and fault in the androgen receptor gene. Suggesting it may involved a lack of brain masculinisation.

Question 21

Rekers

Answer 21

1995
Across 70 GD concerned boys and their mothers:

Of those eventually diagnosed with GD, 64% had separation anxiety disorder Compared to just 38% In boys whose symptoms were much less severe.

Question 22

Swaab

Answer 22

1985

SDN twice the size in males than females